International Journal of Innovative Research and Development

Abstract

This paper tries to elaborate the design of an Ultra Wide Band Antenna (single element), which is used as vehicle mounted ground penetrating Radar to identify landmines. A reflector for the antenna, transmit and receive pair, and finally array of these elements operating up to 3 GHz is subsumed in this design. Triangular micro-strip patch antenna (Idea from conical antenna, which has good Ultra Wide Band quality), focusing on the most important aspect of Miniaturization of antenna (finally 13X15 cm), providing larger perimeter for smaller frequency range and larger area for large Bandwidth, which lead to a hybrid design consisting of a triangle and ellipse, thus also removing edges but burgeoning size. Meticulously considering various parameters like Return loss, BW, VSWR, Beam angle, radiation pattern, realized gain and impedance, the final design achieves the desired requirement. Designing and simulation is performed on High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) V 12.0 and loading and retesting is performed with the help of Time domain solver XFDTD V 7.1.0

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Abstract

This report explains the intuitive technique for designing the impedance matching circuit. Impedance is the opposition by a system to the flow of energy from a source. For constant signals, this impedance can also be constant. For varying signals, it usually changes with frequency. The energy involved can be electrical, mechanical, magnetic or thermal. The concept of electrical impedance is perhaps the most commonly known. Electrical impedance, like electrical resistance, is measured in ohms. In general, impedance has a complex value; this means that loads generally have a resistance component (symbol: R) which forms the real part of Z and a reactance component (symbol: X) which forms the imaginary part of Z. For maximum efficiency impedance matching is very essential.

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Abstract

This report explains the intuitive technique for designing the Microwave stepped impedance circuit. Microwave low pass filter suppresses the unwanted harmonics above the cut-off frequency. Two methods are discussed in detail namely image parameter method and insertion loss method. A low pass network can be represented by a quotient of finite degree rational polynomials, it is necessary to approximate it. The four classical solutions to the approximation problems are also elaborated, the Butterworth (maximally flat), Chebyshev (equal ripples in pass band), inverse Chebyshev (equal ripples in stop band) and elliptical (equal ripples in stop and pass band).

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