A vibration analysis of the lathe machine condition monitoring is presented. The machine gear train was modelled in SolidWorks and modal analysis was used to determine the vibration characteristics of the lathe machine gearbox, by determining the mode shapes and natural frequencies with the intention of estimating the resonance frequency below which the machine should be operated to prevent its failure. The vibration data were analysed using ANSYS and the gear train parameters such as its stiffness, mass and damping parameters were obtained from the analyses. First six natural frequencies were obtained between the range of 0-800 Hz. The six mode shapes were obtained at various natural frequencies and maximum deformation of (432.91 Hz, 402.52 mm), (482.75 Hz, 428.98 mm), (507.83 Hz, 526.07 mm), (544.16 Hz, 445.71 mm), (671.98 Hz, 944.32 mm), (735.11 Hz, 856.58 mm). The modal analysis showed that the system natural frequency is greater in the 6th mode. The system’s resonance frequency occurs at 126.01 dB at a natural frequency of 479.89 Hz. The resonance magnitude of the system limits the operating frequencies of the machine above which the system is considered not reliable for safe operation.