Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and its Herbal Cure:A Review
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) termed as chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract distinct by episodes of reversion and decline. The two identified subtypes of the disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease which differ in forms of clinical presentation. Environmental factors, including infections, diet, lifestyle factors, medication use have contributed to alterations in the global prevalence of the disease. Although the exact pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, part of the underlying mechanism is a deregulated host immune response to intestinal flora, in genetically vulnerable Beings. The incidence of IBD is persistently rising in other earlier low incidence areas, such as Asia and the developing world. The annual frequency of CD is highest in North America (20.2 per 100,000, per person-years); whereas the annual occurrence of UC is highest in Europe (24.3 per 100,000 per person-years) Environmental risk factors of IBD is smoking, air water pollution, vitamin D, dietary, NSAID, stress. The newly described Th17 cells are also involved in the gut inflammatory answer in IBD. To understand the pathogenesis of IBD alternative model has been used such as zebrafish, c. elegans, Drosophila. The novel treatment of IBD such as vedolizumab, Etrolizumab, agents targeting specific pathways in IBD, but unfortunately possess life-threatening adverse effect and globally increased cost. This review also focuses on the favourable results from the use of herbal products in the treatment of IBD.
Keywords
Ulcerative, Colitis, Crohn’s, Antioxidant, Vedolizumab, Pathogenesis.
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3728155/
- Ahuja V, Tandon RK: Inflammatory bowel disease: the Indian augury. Indian J Gastroenterol 201231: 294–296.
- Russell RK, Satsangi J. Does IBD run in families? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2: S20-S21 [PMID: 18816757 DOI: 10.1002/ IBD.20573]
- Ek WE, D'Amato M, Halfvarson J. The history of genetics in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2014; 27: 294-303 [PMID: 25331623]
- Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142:46–54 e42; quiz e30.
- Benchimol EI, Fortinsky KJ, Gozdyra P, Van den Heuvel M, Van Limbergen J, Griffiths AM. Epidemiology of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of international trends. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011; 17:423–439
- Malmborg P, Grahnquist L, Lindholm J, Montgomery S, Hildebrand H. Increasing incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Northern Stockholm County 2002–2007. J PediatrGastroenterolNutr. Epub March 1, 2013.
- Grieci T, Butter A. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in the pediatric population of Southwestern Ontario. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44: 977–980.
- Prideaux L, Kamm MA, De Cruz PP, Chan FK, Ng SC. Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review. J GastroenterolHepatol. 2012;27:1266–1280.
- Ahuja V, Tandon RK: Inflammatory bowel disease: the Indian augury. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012; 31: 294–296.
- Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al.; Asia-Pacific Crohn's and Colitis Epidemiologic Study (ACCESS) Study Group: rate and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results outcome from the Asia-pacific Crohn's and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 158–165.
- Johnson GJ, Cosnes J, Mansfield JC. Review article: smoking cessation as primary therapy to modify the course of Crohn's disease. Aliment PharmacolTher 2005; 21: 921-931 [PMID: 15813828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02424.x]
- Hu D, Ren J, Wang G, Gu G, Liu S, Wu X, Chen J, Ren H, Hong Z, Li J. Geographic mapping of Crohn's disease and its relation to affluence in Jiangsu province, an eastern coastal province of China. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 590467 [PMID: 24839438 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590467]
- Kaplan GG, Hubbard J, Korzenik J, Sands BE, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Wheeler AJ, Villeneuve PJ. The inflammatory bowel disorder and ambient air pollution: a new organisation. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2412-2419 [PMID: 20588264 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.252]
- Masuyama H, Hiramatsu Y, Kunitomi M, Kudo T, MacDonald PN. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, phthalic acid and nonylphenol, activate Pregnane X receptor-mediated transcription. MolEndocrinol 2000; 14: 421-428 [PMID: 10707959 DOI: 10.1210/ mend.14.3.0424]
- Wagner M, Schlüsener MP, Ternes TA, Oehlmann J. Identification of putative steroid receptor antagonists in bottled water: combining bioassays and high-resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:
- Wagner M, Schlüsener MP, Ternes TA, Oehlmann J. Identification of putative steroid receptor antagonists in bottled water: combining bioassays and high-resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:
- Masuyama H, Hiramatsu Y, Kunitomi M, Kudo T, MacDonald PN. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, phthalic acid and nonylphenol, activate Pregnane X receptor-mediated transcription. MolEndocrinol 2000; 14: 421-428 [PMID: 10707959 DOI: 10.1210/ mend.14.3.0424]
- Vedani A, Smiesko M, Spreafico M, Peristera O, Dobler M. VirtualToxLab - in silico prediction of the toxic (endocrine disrupting) potential of drugs, chemicals and natural products. Two years and 2,000 compounds of experience: a progress report. ALTEX 2009; 26: 167-176 [PMID: 19907904]
- Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. ExpBiol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229: 1136-1142 [PMID: 15564440]
- Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A. Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J ClinNutr 2004; 80: 1717S-1720S [PMID 15585793]
- Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Higuchi LM, Bao Y, Korzenik JR, Giovannucci EL, Richter JM, Fuchs CS, Chan AT. Higher predicted vitamin D status associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease. (Gastroenterology 2012) 142: 482-489 [PMID: 22155183 DOI: 10.1053 /j.gastro. 2011.11.040]
- Khalili H, Huang ES, Ananthakrishnan AN, Higuchi L, Richter JM, Fuchs CS, Chan AT. Geographical variation and rate of inflammatory bowel disease among US women. Gut 2012; 61: 1686-1692 [PMID: 22241842 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301574] 63 Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 2003; 361: 512-519 [PMID: 12583961 DOI: 10.1016/ s0140-6736(03)12489-0]
- Chapman-Kiddell CA, Davies PS, Gillen L, Radford-Smith GL. A function of diet in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 137-151 [PMID: 19462428 DOI: 10.1002 /IBD. 20968]
- Hou JK, Abraham B, El-Serag H. Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 563-573 [PMID: 21468064 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.44]
- Ma X, Torbenson M, Hamad AR, Soloski MJ, Li Z. High-fat diet modulates non-CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells in mouse colon and exacerbates experimental colitis. ClinExpImmunol 2008; 151: 130-138 [PMID: 17991290 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2249.2007.03530.x]
- Devkota S, Wang Y, Musch MW, Leone V, Fehlner-Peach H, Nadimpalli A, Antonopoulos DA, Jabri B, Chang EB. Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid stimulates pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. Nature 2012; 487: 104-108 [PMID: 22722865 DOI: 10.1038/nature11225]
- Bassaganya-Riera J, DiGuardo M, Viladomiu M, de Horna A, Sanchez S, Einerhand AW, Sanders L, Hontecillas R. Soluble fibres and resistant starch improve disease activity in interleukin-10deficient mice with inflammatory bowel disease. J Nutr 2011; 141: 1318-1325 [PMID: 21562241 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.139022]
- Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG, Higuchi LM, de Silva P, Korzenik JR, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Richter JM, Chan AT. A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fibre and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 970-977 [PMID: 23912083 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.050]
- Ayokunle T Abegunde, Tauseef Ali, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
- Sternberg EM, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Gold PW. The anxiety response and the regulation of inflammatory disease. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 854-866 [PMID: 1416562]
- Bernstein CN, Singh S, Graff LA, Walker JR, Miller N, Cheang M. A prospective population-based study of triggers of symptomatic flares in IBD. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1994-2002 [PMID: 20372115 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.140]
- Gaya DR, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Satsangi J. New genes in inflammatory bowel disease: lessons for complex diseases? Lancet 2006; 367: 1271-1284 [PMID: 16631883 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68345-1]
- Duerr RH. Genome-wide association studies herald a new era of quick discoveries in inflammatory bowel disease research. Gastroenterology 2007; {132: 2045-2049} [PMID: 17484895 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.082]
- Jostins L, Ripke S, Weersma RK, Duerr RH, McGovern DP, Hui KY, Lee JC, Schumm LP, Sharma Y, Anderson CA, Essers J, Mitrovic M, Ning K, Cleynen I, Theatre E, Spain SL, Raychaudhuri S, Goyette P, Wei Z, Abraham C, Achkar JP, Ahmad T, Amininejad L, Ananthakrishnan AN, Andersen V, Andrews JM, Baidoo L, Balschun T, Bampton PA, Bitton A Boucher G, Brand S, Büning C, Cohain A, Cichon S, D' Amato M, De Jong D, Devaney KL, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Ellinghaus D, Ferguson LR, Franchimont D, Fransen K, Gearry R, Georges M, Gieger C, Glas J, Haritunians T, Hart A, Hawkey C, Hedl M, Hu X, Karlsen TH, Kupcinskas L, Kugathasan S, Latiano A, Laukens D, Lawrance IC, Lees CW, Louis E, Mahy G, Mansfield J, Morgan AR, Mowat C, Newman W, Palmieri O, Ponsioen CY, Potocnik U, Prescott NJ, Regueiro M, Rotter JI, Russell RK, Sanderson JD, Sans M, Satsangi J, Schreiber S, Simms LA, Sventoraityte J, Targan SR, Taylor KD, Tremelling M, Verspaget HW, De Vos M, Wijmenga C, Wilson DC, Winkelmann J, Xavier RJ, Zeissig S, Zhang B, Zhang CK, Zhao H, Silverberg MS, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Brant SR, Radford-Smith G, Mathew CG, Rioux JD, Schadt EE, Daly MJ, Franke A, Parkes M, Vermeire S, Barrett JC, Cho JH. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. (Nature 2012; 491: 119-124) [PMID: 23128233 DOI: 10.1038/nature11582]
- Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Brant SR, Bayless TM, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Nuñez G, Cho JH. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001; 411: 603-606 [ PMID: 11385577 DOI: 10.1038/35079114]
- Inohara N, Ogura Y, Fontalba A, Gutierrez O, Pons F, Crespo J, Fukase K, Inamura S, Kusumoto S, Hashimoto M, Foster SJ, Moran AP, Fernandez-Luna JL, Nuñez G. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. The Implications for Crohn's disease. J BiolChem 2003; 278: 5509-5512 [PMID: 12514169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc. C200673200]
- Cooney R, Baker J, Brain O, Danis B, Pichulik T, Allan P, Ferguson DJ, Campbell BJ, Jewell D, Simmons A. NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med 2010; 16: 90-97 [PMID: 19966812 DOI: 10.1038/nm. 2069]
- Travassos LH, Carneiro LA, Ramjeet M, Hussey S, Kim YG, Magalhães JG, Yuan L, Soares F, Chea E, Le Bourhis L, Boneca IG, Allaoui A, Jones NL, Nuñez G, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 55-62 [PMID: 19898471 DOI: 10.1038/ni. 1823]
- Shaw MH, Kamada N, Warner N, Kim YG, Nuñez G. The ever-expanding function of NOD2: autophagy, viral recognition, and T cell activation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32: 73-79 [ PMID: 21251876 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.12.007]
- Sabbah A, Chang TH, Harnack R, Frohlich V, Tominaga K, Dube PH, Xiang Y, Bose S. Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2. Nat Immunol 2009; 10: 1073-1080 [ PMID: 19701189 DOI: 10.1038/ni. 1782]
- Franke A, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, Wang K, RadfordSmith GL, Ahmad T, Lees CW, Balschun T, Lee J, Roberts R, Anderson CA, Bis JC, Bumpstead S, Ellinghaus D, Festen EM, Georges M, Green T, Haritunians T, Jostins L, Latiano A, Mathew CG, Montgomery GW, Prescott NJ, Raychaudhuri S, Rotter JI, Schumm P, Sharma Y, Simms LA, Taylor KD, Whiteman D, Wijmenga C, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Büning C, Cohen A, Colombel JF, Cottone M, Stronati L, Denson T, De Vos M, D'Inca R, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Florin T, Franchimont D, Gearry R, Glas J, Van Gossum A, Guthery SL, Halfvarson J, Verspaget HW, Hugot JP, Karban A, Laukens D, Lawrance I, Lemann M, Levine A, Libioulle C, Louis E, Mowat C, Newman W, Panés J, Phillips A, Proctor DD, Regueiro M, Russell R, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson J, Sans M, Seibold F, Steinhart AH, Stokkers PC, Torkvist L, Kullak-Ublick G, Wilson D, Walters T, Targan SR, Brant SR, Rioux JD, D'Amato M, Weersma RK, Kugathasan S, Griffiths AM, Mansfield JC, Vermeire S, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Schreiber S, Cho JH, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Daly MJ, Parkes M. Genome-wide metaanalysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn' s disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 1118-1125 [PMID: 21102463 DOI: 10.1038/ng.717]
- Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, Silverberg MS, Goyette P, Huett A, Green T, Kuballa P, Barmada MM, Datta LW, Shugart YY, Griffiths AM, Targan SR, Ippoliti AF, Bernard EJ, Mei L, Nicolae DL, Regueiro M, Schumm LP, Steinhart AH, Rotter JI, Duerr RH, Cho JH, Daly MJ, Brant SR. Genome-wide organization study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 596-604 [PMID: 17435756 DOI: 10.1038/ng2032]
- McCarroll SA, Huett A, Kuballa P, Chilewski SD, Landry A, Goyette P, Zody MC, Hall JL, Brant SR, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, Rioux JD, Altshuler D, Daly MJ, Xavier RJ. Deletion polymorphism was upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn's disease. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 1107-1112 [PMID: 19165925 DOI: 10.1038/ng.215]
- Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011; 474: 307-317 [PMID: 21677747 DOI: 10.1038/nature10209]
- Kuballa P, Huett A, Rioux JD, Daly MJ, Xavier RJ. Impaired autophagy of an intracellular pathogen-stimulated by a Crohn' s disease associated ATG16L1 variant. PLoS One 2008; 3: e3391 [PMID: 18852889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003391
- Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR, Rioux JD, Silverberg MS, Daly MJ, Steinhart AH, Abraham C, Regueiro M, Griffiths A, Dassopoulos T, Bitton A, Yang H, Targan S, Datta LW, Kistner EO, Schumm LP, Lee AT, Gregersen PK, Barmada MM, Rotter JI, Nicolae DL, Cho JH. A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science 2006; 314: 1461-1463 [PMID: 17068223 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135245]
- Anderson CA, Boucher G, Lees CW, Franke A, D'Amato M, Taylor KD, Lee JC, Goyette P, Imielinski M, Latiano A, Lagacé C, Scott R, Amininejad L, Bumpstead S, Baidoo L, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Büning C, Colombel JF, Denson LA, De Vos M, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Ellinghaus D, Fehrmann RS, Floyd JA, Florin T, Franchimont D, Franke L, Georges M, Glas J, Glazer NL, Guthery SL, Haritunians T, Hayward NK, Hugot JP, Jobin G, Laukens D, Lawrance I, Lémann M, Levine A, Libioulle C, Louis E, McGovern DP, Milla M, Montgomery GW, Morley KI, Mowat C, Ng A, Newman W, Ophoff RA, Papi L, Palmieri O, PeyrinBiroulet L, Panés J, Phillips A, Prescott NJ, Proctor DD, Roberts R, Russell R, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson J, Sans M, Schumm P, Seibold F, Sharma Y, Simms LA, Seielstad M, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, van den Berg LH, Vatn M, Verspaget H, Walters T, Wijmenga C, Wilson DC, Westra HJ, Xavier RJ, Zhao ZZ, Ponsioen CY, Andersen V, Torkvist L, Gazouli M, Anagnou NP, Karlsen TH, Kupcinskas L, Sventoraityte J, Mansfield JC, Kugathasan S, Silverberg MS, Halfvarson J, Rotter JI, Mathew CG, Griffiths AM, Gearry R, Ahmad T, Brant SR, Chamaillard M, Satsangi J, Cho JH, Schreiber S, Daly MJ, Barrett JC, Parkes M, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Radford-Smith G, Duerr RH, Vermeire S, Weersma RK, Rioux JD. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nat Genet 2011; 43: 246-252 [PMID: 21297633 DOI: 10.1038 /ng. 764]
- Brand S. Crohn's disease: Th1, Th17 or both? The change of a paradigm: new immunological and genetic insights implicate Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Gut 2009; 58: 1152-1167 [PMID: 19592695 DOI: 10.1136/ gut.2008.163667]
- Cosnes J. Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice. Best Pract Res ClinGastroenterol 2004; 18: 481-496 [PMID: 15157822 DOI: 10.1016 /j.bpg. 2003.12.003]
- Cosnes J. What is the relation between the use of tobacco and IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2: S14-S15 [PMID: 18816683 DOI: 10.1002/ibd. 20555]
- Lakatos PL, Szamosi T, Lakatos L. Smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases: good, bad or ugly? World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 6134-6139 [PMID: 18069751]
- Birrenbach T, Böcker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 848-859 [PMID: 15626903]
- Garg M, Lubel JS, Sparrow MP, Holt SG, Gibson PR. Review article: vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease-established concepts and future directions. Aliment PharmacolTher 2012; 36: 324-344 [PMID: 22686333 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2036.2012.05181.x]
- Cobrin GM, Abreu MT. Defects in mucosal immunity foremost to Crohn's disease. Immunol Rev 2005; 206: 277-295 [PMID: 16048555 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00293.x]
- Targan SR, Karp LC. Defects in mucosal immunity foremost to ulcerative colitis. Immunol Rev 2005; 206: 296-305 [PMID: 16048556 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00286.x]
- Geremia A, Jewell DP. The IL-23/IL-17 pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6: 223-237 [PMID: 22375527 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.107]
- Janelle A. Jiminez, Trina C. Uwiera, G. Douglas Inglis and Richard R. E. Uwiera The animal model to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals; gut pathogens 17-19 Received: 14 September 2015 Accepted: 22 October 2015[DOI 10.1186/S13099-015-0076-y
- Narula N, Rubin DT, Sands BE. The novel treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: an evaluation of the data. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 2016; 3:38-44.
- Hyo Sun Lee, Soo-Kyung Park, and Dong Il Park Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Received: November 28, 2017, Accepted: December 4, 2017
- H. Sies, Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine, Redox Biol. C 4 (2015) 180–183, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.002
- S.M.L. Vasconcelos, M.O.F. Goulart, J.B. d F. Moura, V.M. e M. d S. Benfato, L.T. Kubota, Espéciesreativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio, antioxidantes e marcadores de danooxidativoemsanguehumano: principaismétodosanalíticos para suadeterminação, Quim. Nova 30 (5) (2007) 1323–1338.
- A. Bhattacharyya, R. Chattopadhyay, S. Mitra, S.E. Crowe, Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases, Physiol. Rev. 94 (2) (2014) 329–354, http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ physrev.00040.2012.
- M. Amasheh, I. Grotjohann, S. Amasheh, A. Fromm, J.D. Söderholm, M. Zeitz, M. Fromm, J.-D. Schulzke, Regulation of mucosal structure and barrier function in rat colon exposed to tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in vitro: a novel model for studying the pathomechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease cytokines, Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 44 (10) (2009) 1226–1235, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365520903131973
- N. Kannan, C. Guruvayoorappan, Protective effect of Bauhinia tomentosa on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating antioxidant and inflammatory mediators, Int. Immunopharmacol. 16 (1) (2013) 57–66, HTTP://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.008.
- P.P. Trivedi, G.B. Jena, Melatonin reduces ulcerative colitis-associated local and systemic damage in mice: investigation on possible mechanisms, Dig. Dis. Sci. 58 (12) (2013) 3460–3474, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10620-013-2831-6.
- https://www.google.co.in/search?q=ulcerative+colitis+images&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizocrSrOLcAhWLbysKHXgvA_UQ_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=711&dpr=1.25#imgrc=iDvTsiF7rYnWeM:
- https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1536&bih=711&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=pXJtW8K9EtrerQHI8qXIDg&q=crohn%27s+disease+images&oq=croh+images&gs_l=img.1.0.0i7i30k1l10.35122.38598.0.40535.22.12.0.0.0.0.328.1471.1j6j1j1.9.0....0...1c.1.64.img.6.6.1144...0j0i8i7i30k1j0i67k1.0.dx3MAv1Zk44#imgrc=rU1014D3DFRUOM:
- Marc Fakhoury,Rebecca Negrulj,Armin Mooranian, and Hani Al-Salami, Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments, Journal of inflammation research, 2014; 7: 113–120.
- John K. Triantafillidisa, Aikaterini Triantafyllidia, Constantinos Vagianosb, Apostolos Papaloisc Favorable results from the use of herbal and plant products inflammatory bowel disease: evidence from experimental animal studies Annals of Gastroenterology (2016) 29, 268-281.
Abstract Views: 202
PDF Views: 0