International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Glimpse on Aspects of Socio-cultural Integration of Tibetan Refugees in Darjeeling Town


Affiliations
1 Sikkim Manipal University, Dept. Of Humanities and Social Sciences
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


This article postulates on the fundamentals of how aspects of socio-cultural integration has contributed in the inclusion of Tibetan refugees in the mainstream society. The aspects of integration are visible not only within the refugee group at glance but with the receiving host ethnic groups too. This paper also tries to inquire historically and descriptively, How and Why the Tibetan refugee group living in Darjeeling today are more of peacefully settled unlike in the other places of India, where they have time to time struggled for their survival and livelihood challenges, living separately in the refugee camps with minimum social contacts. In fact, in a small town Darjeeling, in West Bengal, Tibetan refugees are conciliated in the locale, maintaining their socio-cultural legacy, along with a self-help centre principally existing for the welfare of the Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees and their silent incorporation as well as their socio-cultural preservation can be established through this study.

Keywords

Integration, Tibetan, Bhutia, Kedus, Refugee, Ethnic
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Aronowitz, Michael. 1984. “The Social and Emotional Adjustment of Immigrant Children”, International Migration Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 237- 257.

  • Alba Richard and Nee Victor, “Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration”, International Migration Review, vol.31, No.4, (winter, 1997), pp.826-874.

  • Bond Harrell Barbara. “Towards the Economic and Social Integration of Refugee populations in Host Countries in Africa”, American university of Cairo.

  • Bourdieu, P. “Forms of capital. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education”, 1983. New York: Greenwood Press: 241-258.

  • Chimni B.S. “International Refugee Law” Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd; 1 edition (July 27, 2000)

  • Dasgupta, Abhijit. 2003. “Repatriation of Sri Lankan Refugees”. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 38, No. 24, pp. 2365-2367.

  • Diehl K. 1974. “Echoes from Dharamsala, Music in the life of a Tibetan Refugee Community”, Los Angeles: University of California Press.

  • Dijkstra Steven, Geuijen Karin, Ruijter Arie de. “Multiculturalism and Social Integration in Europe”, International Political Science Review, Vol. 22, No. (Jan., 2001), pp. 55-83Kunz, E.F. (1981) “Exile and Resettlement: Refugee Theory”, International Migration Review, XV.

  • Friedberg, Rachel M. 2000. “You Can't Take It with You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital”. Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 18, No. 2.pp. 221-251.

  • Ghosh, Partha S. 2004. “Unwanted and Upischolar_mained, A Political Study of Migrants, Refugees, Stateless and Displaced of South Asia”. New Delhi: Samskriti Press.Hanafi Sari. 2011. “Flexible Citizenship and the Inflexible Nation-State: New Framework for Appraising the Palestinian Refugees Movements” Migration & Integration , Springer Science and Business Media B.V.

  • Jack A. Goldstone, “Initial Conditions, General Laws, Path Dependence, and Explanation in Historical Sociology”. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 104, No. 3 (November 1998), pp. 829-845.

  • Kolas Ashild. 1996. “Tibetan Nationalism: The Politics of Religion” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.33, No.1 pp.51-66

  • Kibreab, Gaim. 2003. “Citizenship Rights and Repatriation of Refugees”. International Migration Review. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 24-73.

  • Min Liwang. 2008. “The Gorkhas a glance at their culture and traditions”, Himal(India), Kalimpong.

  • Penninx, Rinus. 2009. “Decentralizing integration policies managing migration in cities, regions and localities”. The research program “managing migration in times of economic turbulence”. Barrow Cadbury Trust.

  • Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1997. “The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama”, Berkeley: University of California Press,

  • Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. “Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things”, Annual Review of Anthropology. Vol. 24, pp. 495-523.

  • Pia A. Oberoi. 2006. “Refugees And State Policy in South Asia”. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

  • Portes, Alejandro and Stepick, Alex. 1985. “Unwelcome Immigrants: The Labor Market Experiences of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian Refugees in South Florida” American Sociological Review. Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 493-514.

  • Sigona Nando, Refugee Integration: Policy and Practice in the European Nation, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 24, Issue 4, © UNHCR 2005.Trivedi PR and Patil V.T. Refugees and Human Rights, Authors press, Indian Institute of Human Rights, (2000)


Abstract Views: 598

PDF Views: 1




  • A Glimpse on Aspects of Socio-cultural Integration of Tibetan Refugees in Darjeeling Town

Abstract Views: 598  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

Devasish Rai
Sikkim Manipal University, Dept. Of Humanities and Social Sciences

Abstract


This article postulates on the fundamentals of how aspects of socio-cultural integration has contributed in the inclusion of Tibetan refugees in the mainstream society. The aspects of integration are visible not only within the refugee group at glance but with the receiving host ethnic groups too. This paper also tries to inquire historically and descriptively, How and Why the Tibetan refugee group living in Darjeeling today are more of peacefully settled unlike in the other places of India, where they have time to time struggled for their survival and livelihood challenges, living separately in the refugee camps with minimum social contacts. In fact, in a small town Darjeeling, in West Bengal, Tibetan refugees are conciliated in the locale, maintaining their socio-cultural legacy, along with a self-help centre principally existing for the welfare of the Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees and their silent incorporation as well as their socio-cultural preservation can be established through this study.

Keywords


Integration, Tibetan, Bhutia, Kedus, Refugee, Ethnic

References