Informatics Publishing Limited

T. Shankar ¹, R. Suresh ², A. Bagubali ², S. Shanmugavel ³

Affiliations
1 CEG, Anna University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CEG, Anna University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Recently, mobile communication technologies have been developed rapidly. The IEEE 802.16e wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) standard is an emerging technology to support roaming mobility of mobile stations (MSs) in outdoor environment. For MSs powered by batteries, the standard supports power saving mode to conserve battery power meanwhile fulfilling the requirements of quality of services. Regarding to different service types, standard defines three different power saving types for them and each type has its own power saving parameters. In this paper, Broadband wireless access systems usually provide flexible sleep-mode operations for mobile stations to conserve their energy during idle or active mode. For Mobile WiMAX, the IEEE 802.16e, offers several power-saving classes that can be associated with different types of network connections to minimize power consumption of mobile stations.

Keywords

Mobile WiMAX, Power Saving, Energy Efficiency, Packet Scheduling.

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T. Shankar ¹, S. Shanmugavel ¹, Y. Sandeep ²

Affiliations
1 CEG, Anna University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, VIT University, IN

Abstract

IEEE 802.11 MAC having two methods for medium reservation. 1) virtual carrier sensing and 2) physical carrier sensing. VCS having many drawbacks in wireless ad hoc networks. PCS mechanism can replace the virtual carrier sensing in most practical applications. But choice of PCS threshold plays vital role in ad hoc networks. Choice of PCS threshold is tradeoff between the throughput and spatial reuse. In this paper we present practical experiments for to see the PCS threshold effects on network throughput.

Keywords

Throughput, Physical Carrier Sensing, Mac, Ad Hoc Network, Ieee 802.11, Simulation.

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T. Shankar ¹, Vurandala Kiran Kumar ², S. Shanmugavel ³

Affiliations
1 CEG, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CEG, Anna University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

This paper is to analyze the coverage and connectivity of Ad Hoc Networks and to enhance the connectivity of the network by using Rician Fading, for this to compute the node isolation probability and coverage with respect to shadowing and fading phenomena in an ad hoc network in the presence of channel randomness. The concentrate on Rayleigh fading and Rician fading for finding the node isolation probability and also MIMO (multiple input multiple output) technique was used to enhance network coverage and connectivity. Further this paper considering Lognormal Shadowing, Rayleigh Fading and Rician Fading to simulates the graphs between the node isolation probabilities versus node density.

Keywords

MIMO, Channel Randomness, Node Isolation.

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T. Shankar ¹, A. Karthikeyan ¹, V. Srividhya ¹, R. Suresh ¹

Affiliations
1 VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

IEEE 802.11 Mobility of the users in Personal Communication systems gives rise to the problem of mobility management. Predictive reservation allows the reservation of resources for an ongoing call in the next cell, so that the call is sustained when the Mobile Station (MS) moves to the next cell. Mobility management covers the methods for storing and updating the location information. of the mobile users served by them. Mobility prediction thus becomes an inevitable process in mobility management. Mobility prediction is defined as the prediction of the mobile user’s next movement where the user is traveling between the cells of the network. By using the predicted movement,  the  system  can  effectively  allocate  resources  to  the  most  probable-to  move  cell instead of blindly allocating resources in the entire neighborhood of the cell. Mobility  prediction  based  on  data  mining  method  to  predict  the  mobile  user’s  next movement is implemented in this project. The method is based on mining the User Actual Paths to  discover  the  regularities  in  the  patterns,  extracting  mobility  rules  from  these  patterns  and finally, the matching rule, having the highest confidence plus support value corresponding to the current trajectory of the user, is used to predict the mobile user’s next cell movement. Through accurate  prediction,  the  system  can  reserve  resources  in  an  efficient  manner,  thus  leading  to improved resource utilization. The performance of the method is evaluated through simulation. The results obtained in each phase leading to more accurate prediction of the mobile user’s next cell movement have been presented.

Keywords

Mobile Station, Mobility Prediction, Mining, Simulation.

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G. Yamuna ¹, T. Shankar ¹, U. Vanitha ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, 608002, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, E.G.S.Pillai College of Engineering and Technology, Nagapattinam, IN

Abstract

In this paper a Robust Watermarking algorithm using wavelet transform is presented. Protection of digital multimedia content has become an increasingly important issue for content owners and service providers. As watermarking is identified as a major technology to achieve copyright protection, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is commonly used in recent watermarking schemes because of its growing popularity. In a DWT based scheme, the DWT coefficients are modified with the data that represents the watermark. Modification in all frequencies allows the development of a watermarking scheme that is robust to a wide range of attacks. The proposed method embeds a binary pattern in the form of an image in the HH band at the first level of Discrete Wavelet Transform. The present study suggests a bi-orthogonal wavelet watermarking. The performance of the proposed watermarking algorithm is robust to a variety of attacks.

Keywords

Bi-Orthogonal Wavelet, Non-Blind, Robustness, Watermarking.

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R. Suresh ¹, M. Monica Subhashini ¹, T. Shankar ², V. Suganthi ³

Affiliations
1 School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The ODR (Object Dead Reckoning) system is useful in GPS denied environment such as inside buildings, tunnels, or dense forests especially in ocean navigation. Potential users of this system are military and security personnels as well as emergency responders. The ODR system uses a inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the object, ship or boat. The IMU provides rate of rotation and acceleration measurements that are used in real-time to estimate the location of the user relative to a known starting point. The ODR system works in both 2D and 3D-dimensional environments. Earlier systems used an impractically large IMU, where as, In the most recent version a much smaller IMU is being implemented. For navigation, the system would allow tracking the position of ship or boat in urban combat operations.

Keywords

Personal Odometry, Object Dead-Reckoning, Non-GPS Navigation, GPS-Denied Navigation, Inertial Measurement Unit [IMU].

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T. Shankar ¹, Tony James ¹, R. Mageshvaran ¹, A. Rajesh ¹

Affiliations
1 VIT University, Vellore, IN

Abstract

Objectives: The nodes in a wireless sensor network are extremely energy limited. Often, there occurs transmission of similar sensed data from adjacent nodes of a geographical region with high sensor node density. Network lifetime of the sensor network can be improved by grouping such closely packed nodes using the node locations obtained from a localization algorithm, thereby eliminating redundant data transmission. Methods: This paper employs the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) for node localization and the performance of this method is compared against alternative localization techniques, viz. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA). Findings: The lifetime improvement of the proposed Proximity Grouping Algorithm (PGA) method is compared with that offered by conventional Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) method. Application/Improvements: The proposed PGA method shows 35% better network lifetime improvement, based on the residual energy of the network.

Keywords

Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), Flower Pollination, Localization, Meta Heuristic, Network Lifetime.

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T.N. Padmini ¹, T. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Images captured under foggy or hazy conditions have low contrast and meager color. The proposed work is carried to improve the visibility of hazy images. Methods: The proposed method is based on ‘dark channel prior’ to remove haze, along with guided filter to refine the image due to the occurrence of halos. Even after refinement, halos are not completely removed. So, for further refinement edge preserving smoothing global filter L0 gradient minimization filter is used. Findings: This method has an advantage over conventional method by suppressing halos completely. Application/Improvements: The proposed method improves the contrast and increase in entropy reveals that the detail information is preserved effectively.

Keywords

Air-light, Attenuation, Dark Channel Prior, Guided Filter, L0gradient Minimization Filter.

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A. Karthikeyan ¹, T. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: To implement clustering of sensor nodes to improve the lifespan of a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Methods: Proposed procedure Crossbreed Energy Resourceful Layering Protocol (CERLP) uses parameters like lasting energy, sink position and neighboring nodes count to pick the Cluster Head. Since, more parameters are considered for CH selection the energy dissipation is reduced. So, the lifetime is increased for a considerable time. The projected procedure is an energy-aware protocol with unequal clustering. A novel technique called layer supervisor is introduced. The role of the layer supervisor is to gather facts from the group heads and forward it to the sink using a defined routing path. Findings: Investigational outcomes display that the suggested procedure can significantly outperform several existing algorithms with high stability and good energy efficiency. Improvements/Applications: The problems like energy-hole problem and hotspot problem are reduced by using dynamic clustering. Imbalanced grouping practice is used to balance the load among the Cluster Heads.

Keywords

Base Station (BS), Cluster Head (CH), First Node Death (FND), Gathering, Half Node Death (HND), Last Node Death (LND), Mobile Sink (MS), Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN).

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V. Srividhya ¹, T. Shankar ¹, A. Karthikeyan ¹, Pranjay Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: To implement an effective spectrum access technique using cognitive radio technology with distance based clustering and routing algorithm with in wireless sensor networks and test this algorithm with different scenarios by varying position of the base station. Methods: Network region is divided into parts for allocating the spectrum and topology control, by distance based multi hop clustering and routing algorithm which decides cluster forming strategy on the basis of distance from the base station and route the data with less hops. Findings: The simulation shows, the proposed algorithm was able to provide a better Network Life time with the same amount of initial energy. Also, election of cluster heads on the basis of distance has helped in increasing the stability. And, with different efficient distance thresholds deciding single hop and multi hop communication. Application/Improvements: The proposed algorithm increases the scalability of the network, in comparison to the existing algorithms, by an average of 29%, when the base station is kept at the corner and, by 42.5%, when it is kept away from the corner.

Keywords

Cognitive Radio, Clustering, Energy efficient, Routing, Stability, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

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A. Rajesh ¹, G. Pragathi ¹, T. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore – 14, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent advances in IEEE 802.11ac based wireless networks have made them potential enough to be used for Voice over Wireless Local Area Networks (VoWLAN). The main requirement in the design of such network is to minimize the energy consumption to maximize the network lifetime of user equipment’s. Methods/Statistical Analysis: For such energy conservation, the IEEE 802.11ac networks make use of power saving protocols, where the wireless radio is turned on and off periodically. In this paper, a group based adaptive power saving mechanism is suggested that dynamically utilize the contention and transmission opportunity parameters of user equipment. Findings: The design of the power saving is unique as the grouping is based on the current power level of user equipment’s, type of service, channel status and the number of services to a user equipment. Application/Improvements: Simulation results shows that proposed grouping technique provides an improvement of 46.25% and 47.29% in terms of energy consumption and delay, respectively compared the existing power saving protocol for delay sensitive and VoWLAN applications.

Keywords

IEEE 802.11ac, Medium Access Control, VoWLAN, Wireless Networks.

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A. Karthikeyan ¹, T. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Energy efficiency and optimization of battery resources are the most important design standards for the wireless sensor networks. Methods: Using Compressive sensing the number of transmissions of sensor nodes is reduced thereby using the battery resources of the sensor node efficiently. In this paper, a cluster-based hybrid method is proposed using compressive sensing with mobile sink, which collects data periodically along the predefined path and uploads data to its respective relay nodes which further communicates the information to the collection head. The data is transmitted to the nearest rendezvous node in a certain number of rounds depending on the compression ratio; after undergoing compression at individual cluster heads. The main reason for the extended lifetime of this network is the reduction in the number of transmissions and the reduced transmission range of nodes. Findings: Investigation a lout comes display that the proposed algorithm can considerably out class numerous prevailing procedures with high stability and good energy efficiency. Improvements: The stability of the proposed algorithm is increased and holds good even when the area of the region increased with the lowest rate of energy dissipation.

Keywords

Base station (BS), Clustering, Cluster Head (CH), Compressive Sensing (CS), Mobile Sink (MS), Rendezvous Node (RN), Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN).

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N. Lavanya ¹, T. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: The design of Energy efficiency wireless sensor network is a challenging research since battery is consider as power source to the sensor nodes. Recharging battery is very difficult and impossible in some cases. Methods/Analysis: In Wireless sensor networks, clustering techniques consist of partitioning the network into a various number of sensor groups called clusters. The clustering technique selects the cluster heads in the rotation manner to perform data aggregation operation. Findings: To prolong the lifespan of a network, sensor nodes are scheduled to sleep dynamically. Sleep Scheduling (SS) mechanism is the most widely used technique for efficiently managing network energy consumption. In this paper, we provide a survey on energy-efficient scheduling mechanisms in Wireless sensor networks that has different network architecture than the traditional Wireless Sensor Networks.

Keywords

Cluster Head, Energy Efficiency, Sleep Scheduling Mechanism, Software Defined Network (SDN), Wireless Sensor Network.

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