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Ramkrishna Saha ¹, Bidisha Mondal ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agriculture, Govt of WestBengal, Kolkata, IN
2 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur, IN

Abstract

Rice genotypes varies in their response to AMF inoculation for physiological traits like shoot growth and ischolar_main growth and also nutrient demand. 8 rice varieties such as Black Gora (V1), ARC 12737 (V2), Yamuk (V3), Jinghasal (V4), Dular (V5), TN1 (V6), MTU 7029 (V7)&IR 64 (V8) were considered for the study. Varieties V1, V2&V3, are the slow growing land race selections showed negative or marginal positive response to AMF inoculation at early stage having higher shoot P concentration&total plant P content. There was a gain in P concentration and also content in all the varieties due to AMF inoculation. However, the incremental rise is higher in V4, V6, V7&V8, the fast growing high yielding varieties than that of traditional land race varieties. Varieties V5 is an exception that it behaved like intermediate between the two variety groups. The inherent difference for ischolar_main P concentration and total P content among the varieties are not so significant but the gain in P due to mycorrhization is observed in all the varieties and the magnitude of increase between the variety groups are almost equal. However, a trend of higher increase is found in positively responding fast growing varieties. The response pattern for all the varieties are almost similar at both 15&30 days of the plant growth. When P-acquisition response were analyzed, the fast growing modern varieties showed a higher response for both the traits of plant growth and whole P content due to AMF inoculation and thus have a higher P uptake than that of slow growing land race varieties. The traditional varieties, in spite of gaining P-acquisition are not reflected in their plant growth due to possible AMF infection rather, a negative response in plant growth is observed at the early stage of plant growth. It also revealed that the whole P uptake might not utilized or needed for growth at early stage. Analysis of the possible translocation of incremental P due to mycorrhization showed a characteristic difference where traditional land race varieties partitioned in 60:40 proportions compared to fast growing varieties that partitioned to nearly 50:50 proportion between ischolar_main&shoot. For all the varieties, the proportional P gain in shoot is increases at the later age, although the magnitude of increase is highest in fast growing high P demanding varieties. The variety Dular (V5) although showed a equal P-uptake response to that of fast growing varieties but did not reflect to the corresponding shoot growth as in case of fast growing varieties.

Keywords

Mycorrhization, Concentration, P-acquisition

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Bidisha Mondal ¹

Affiliations
1 Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, IN

Abstract

There is declining influence of trade unions in ensuring better job security and social security for their members. But the presence of a union in an enterprise came to be more important over 2004-2005 to 2011-2012 as the situation became worse for workers in enterprises without it. These changes are stronger in public/private limited companies compared with other enterprises. The situation is worse for pink-collar and blue-collar workers as for them these changes are manifested through deterioration in situation of union members and workers in enterprises without union unlike the case of whitecollar workers where the changes took place through improvement of nonunion members.

Keywords

Trade Unions Influence, Job Security, Social Security, Enterprise-Type, Occupation-Type.

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Entaj Tarafder ¹, Arun Kumar Dutta ¹, Prakash Pradhan ¹, Bidisha Mondal ¹, Nilanjan Chakraborty ¹, Soumitra Paloi ¹, Anirban Roy ², Krishnendu Acharya ¹

Affiliations
1 Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal–700019, IN
2 West Bengal Biodiversity Board, Poura Bhawan, Salt Lake City, Sector III, Kolkata-700016, IN

Abstract

Five members of Agaricomycetes [Amylosporus campbellii (Russulales, Bondarzewiaceae), Coltricia cinnamomea (Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae), Laetiporus sulphureus (Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae), Podoscypha petalodes (Polyporales, Meruliaceae) and Pycnoporus sanguineus (Polyporales, Polyporaceae)] were collected from different parts of West Bengal, India and are reported herein with their detailed morphological features.

Keywords

Macrofungi, Morphology, Polypore, Taxonomy, West Bengal.

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Bidisha Mondal ¹

Affiliations
1 Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, IN

Abstract

This paper looks into the influence of trade union-membership on wages of their members and also the non-union members in comparison to workers in enterprises without any union during 2004-05 to 2011-12. The findings indicate towards decline in the effectiveness of trade union-membership in enterprises with unions as the real wage gaps and unexplained wage gaps between union and non-union members declined. The relative wages of workers in non-unionized enterprises deteriorated. The effectiveness of trade union-membership on wages declined more in the case of low-wage, low-skill workers indicating declining focus of trade unions on them. Trade unions' influence on wages became even less in public/private limited companies when compared to other enterprises.

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Bidisha Mondal ¹

Affiliations
1 Centre for Economic Studies & Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, IN

Abstract

This paper explores the gender-based differences in labor market returns in Indian manufacturing sector during 2004/05-2011/12 and finds that the female to male wage ratio improved significantly for the blue-collar workers majorly in rural areas. The reason had been a major sectoral change among female blue-collar workers in rural areas. A sharp increase in the share of employment in wearing apparels industries and a decline in the share of tobacco industries led to a high rise in share of workers in regular monthly salary system and a decline in share of workers in piece-rate payment system among rural female blue-collar workers. Methodologies used here are Neumark decomposition analysis, Logit and Ordered Logit regressions.

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Bidisha Mondal ¹

Affiliations
1 Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, IN

Abstract

The paper looks into the trends of how labour market returns differ among the different social categories in the manufacturing sector in India over 2004- 2005 to 2011-2012. It find that despite a decline in the gap in shares of employment between forward caste and backward caste workers, the wage gap between them didn’t come down because of a rise in intra-occupational wage gap in the high-wage, high-skill occupations. The actual wage gaps between them are often an underestimation of the extent of deprivation. Among backward caste workers, scheduled caste workers are worse off than other backward caste workers. The labour market is more discriminatory against the former in urban areas compared with rural areas in the formal sector vis-à-vis the informal sector, and in public/private limited enterprises as against other enterprises.

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Jay Dev Dubey ¹, Bidisha Mondal ²

Affiliations
1 Fellow-II, NIPFP, 18/2, Satsang Vihar Marg, Special Institutional Area, New Delhi 110067, IN
2 Ph.D, NIPFP, 18/2, Satsang Vihar Marg, Special Institutional Area, New Delhi 110067, IN

Abstract

This study finds out the importance of socio-economic, demographic and health-care-related factors in determining catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) of a household and how they influence its health care expenditure. Rising out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses for health financing in developing countries with different methodologies to assess the associated factors with CHE has been documented. This study contributes to the existing literature from the methodological viewpoint. In the two-step approach, at the first step, the probability of a household incurring CHE has been estimated and in the second the importance of the determinants of health expenditure is examined. An analysis is done to find out whether the situation varies across the quintiles. The database is the 71st round of social consumption of health survey conducted by the NSSO during January-June 2014. Health expenditure in household budgets is the highest among the poorest quintile. Treating a non-communicable disease and opting for private facilities are expensive. Relaxing the budget constraint by financing the healthcare from sources like contributions from friends/relatives and sale of assets lead to high spending on healthcare. The study recommends health expenditure protection schemes for the vulnerable groups, etc.

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