Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Dada, Zubair Ahmad
- Mutations and Transformations: The Contested Discourses in Contemporary Cultural Tourism
Abstract Views :212 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Tourism & Travel Management, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
1 Department of Tourism & Travel Management, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
Source
International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems, Vol 7, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 59-68Abstract
As a global agent of communication, cultural tourism must position itself as an agent of sustainable development, applying itself to the core values of public education, respect for differences, authenticity of projects, and protection of heritage. Many writers have written about important political dimensions of tourism on a range of topics. However, it is being recognized that the political nature of this massive global industry, at both macro and micro political levels, is under acknowledged. Tourism as an international system of exchange displays particular tensions around the interface between space and experience that reaches into the conceptual heart of globalization. The global structural realities of tourism are very much framed by the idea of the nation state and have their ischolar_mains in the modern political geographies and nation-building agendas of the late 19th, and the first decades of the 20th century. Despite growing interest in the notion of regionalism whereby the region acts as the focal point for 'culture building and identification', it is the idea of the nation that still holds primacy in the metanarratives of international tourism. Each nation, no matter what their position in any notional global political league table, promotes tourism as an actual and potential source of external revenue, a marker of political status that draws upon cultural capital, and as a means to legitimize itself as a territorial entity. The paper provides some degree of context for the concept of cultural tourism and explores the ways in which culture(s) is/are mobilized for tourists and read by tourists within particular settings. In utilizing the term cultural tourism we are explicitly acknowledging both the cultural nature of, and the role of, tourism as a process and set of practices that revolve around the behavioural pragmatics of societies, and the learning and transmission of meanings through symbols and embodied through objects.Keywords
Conceptual Transformations, Cultural Tourism, Cultural Resourcefulness, National Cultural Projection.References
- Alexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J. & Sztompka, P. (2004). Cultural trauma and collective identity. Berkley: University of California Press.
- Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Public Culture 2(2), 1/24.
- Ateljevic, I., Harris, C., Wilson, E., & Collins, L. (2005). Getting entangled: Reflexivity and the ‘critical turn’ in tourism studies. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(2), 9-21.
- Ateljevic, I., Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2007a). The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies. Harlow: Elsevier.
- Ateljevic, I., Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2007b). Editors' introduction: Promoting an academy of hope in tourism enquiry. In I. N. Ateljevic, N. Morgan, & A. Pritchard (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies (pp. 1-8). Harlow: Elsevier.
- Botterill, T. D. (2003). An autoethnographic narrative on tourism research epistemologies. Leisure and Society, 26(1), 97-110.
- Braden, S., & Mayo, M. (1999). Culture, community development and representation. Community Development Journal, 34(3), 191-204.
- Bramwell, B. (2006). Actors, networks and tourism policies. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism management dynamics: Trends, management and tools (pp. 155-163). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.
- Butcher, J. (2001). Cultural baggage and cultural tourism. In J. Butcher (ed.) Innovations in Cultural Tourism. Proceedings to the 5th ATLAS International Conference (pp. 11-17). Tilburg: ATLAS.
- Cole, S. (1997). Cultural heritage tourism: The villagers' perspective. A case study from Ngada, Flores. In W. Nuryanti (ed.) Tourism and Heritage Management (pp. 468-481). Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
- Craik, J. (1997). The culture of tourism. In C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds) Touring Cultures _/ Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 113-137). London: Routledge.
- Denning, M. (2004). Culture in the Age of Three Worlds. London: Verso.
- Frykman, J. (2002). Place for something else. Analysing a cultural imaginary. Ethnologia Europaea. Journal of European Ethnology, 32(2), 47-68.
- Hollinshead, K. (2007). The 'world-making' drive of tourism: A broadening of Meethan’s analysis of culture and place production. Keynote presented at the Second International Critical Tourism Studies Conference, Split, June 20-23.
- Huxham, C. (1993). Pursuing collaborative advantage. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 44(6), 599-611.
- Jafari, J. (2005). Bridging out, nesting afield: Powering a new platform. Journal of Tourism Studies, 16(2), 1-5.
- Jamal, T. B., & Everett, J. (2007). Rationalisation in the natural and acemic lifeworld: Critical tourism research or hermeneutic charity?. In I. Ateljevic, N. Tucker (eds) Tourism and postcolonialism: Contested discourses, identities and representations (pp. 126/139). London: Routledge.
- McKercher, B., & du Cros, H. (2002). Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. New York: The Haworth Press.
- Meethan, K. (2001). Tourism in global society: Place, culture, consumption. London: Palgrave.
- Richards, G. (ed.) (1996). Cultural tourism in Europe. Wallingford: CABI.
- Richards, G. (ed.) (2001). Cultural attractions and European tourism. Wallingford: CABI.
- Robinson, M., & Boniface, P. (eds) (1999). Tourism and Cultural Conflicts. Wallingford: CABI.
- Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Smith, M. K. (2003). Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. London: Routledge.
- Tribe, J. (1997). The indiscipline of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 638-657.
- Turner, B. S., & Rojek, C. (2001). Society and Culture: Principles of Scarcity and Solidarity. London: Sage. Urry, J. (1995). Consuming places. London: Routledge.
- Walters, M. (1995). Globalisation. London: Routledge.
- Wood, R. (1984). Ethnic tourism, the state and cultural change in Southeast Asia. Annals of Tourism Research, 11, 353-374.
- Wood, R. (1993). Tourism, culture and the sociology of development. In M. Hitchcock, V.T. King and M.J.G. Parnwell (eds) Tourism in South East Asia (pp. 48/70). London: Routledge.
- Revisiting the Discourse on Poverty Alleviation Through Tourism:An Empirical Investigation
Abstract Views :225 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
1 University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
Source
International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems, Vol 11, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 76-83Abstract
Poverty alleviation is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. It has become one of the major concerns for most of the developing countries including India. Tourism is considered as one of the most effective and viable tool for poverty alleviation. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand the tourism-poverty link, if tourism is to be used as a mechanism for reducing poverty. This research is intended to identify various factors of poverty alleviation through tourism; and to study the perception of inhabitants of Leh district of Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir regarding poverty alleviation through tourism and finally to suggest the strategies for pro-poor tourism development in the region. Exploratory factor analysis was done to identify various factors and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to cross validate it. Furthermore, one sample t-test was executed to study the perception of inhabitants on the identified factors. The findings of the study reveal that the tourism plays a significant role in reducing poverty and will help the strategy makers to come up with effective strategies that will promote Pro-poor tourism in study area and other similar regions.Keywords
Poverty Alleviation, Tourism, Community Development, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh.References
- Ashley, C., Roe, D., & Goodwin, H. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor. London: Pro-poor Tourism Partnership.
- Bennet, O., & Roe, B. (1999). Ashley, Caroline dir. Sustainable tourism and poverty elimination study: A report to the Department of International Development. Londres: Deloitte & Touche, IIED, ODI.
- De Kadt, E. (Ed.) (1979). Tourism: Passport to development? New York: Oxford University Press.
- Guha, I., & Ghosh, S. (2007). Does Tourism Contribute to Local Livelihoods?: A Case Study of Tourism, Poverty, and Conservation in the Indian Sundarbans (pp. 978-9937). South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics.
- Hall, D. R., & Brown, F. (2006). Tourism and welfare: Ethics, responsibility and sustained well-being. CABI.
- Linda, C., Fox, M., & Bowen, R. L. (1995). Does tourism destroy agriculture? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 210-213.
- Mitchell, J., & Ashley, C. (2007). Can tourism offer pro-poor pathways to prosperity? Examining evidence on the impact of tourism on poverty. ODI Briefing Paper, (22).
- Mitchell, J., & Ashley, C. (2010). Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. London: ODI & Earthscan.
- Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2003). Sustainable tourism in developing countries: Poverty alleviation, participatory planning, and ethical issues. London: Routledge.
- Mowforth, M., Charlton, C., & Munt, I. (2008). Tourism and responsibility: Perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean. London: Routledge.
- Richardson, S. (2010). Generation Y’s perceptions and attitudes towards a career in tourism and hospitality. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 9(2), 179-199.
- Roe, D., Hutton, J., Elliott, J., Chitepo, K. & Saruchera, M. (2003) In pursuit of pro-poor conservation: changing narratives or more? In Community Empowerment for Conservation. Special edition of Policy Matters, 12, 87-91.
- Roe, D., & Urquhart, P. (2004). Pro-poor Tourism: Harnessing the World‘s Largest Industry for the World‘s Poor: Turning the Rhetoric into Action for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction. In T. Bigg (Eds.), Survival for a small planet: The sustainable development agenda (pp. 309-325). London: Earthscan.
- Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Essex: Pearson Education.
- Scheyvens, R. (2011). The challenge of sustainable tourism development in the Maldives: Understanding the social and political dimensions of sustainability. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52(2), 148-164.
- Scott, N., Baggio, R., & Cooper, C. (2008). Network analysis and tourism: From theory to Practice, 35. Channel View Publications.
- Shah, K., & Gupta, V. (2000). Tourism, the poor and other stakeholders: Experience in Asia. C. Boyd Ed.). London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Snyman, S., & Spenceley, A. (2012). Key sustainable tourism mechanisms for poverty reduction and local socioeconomic development in Africa. Africa Insight, 42(2), 76-93.
- Spenceley, A., & Goodwin, H. (2007). Nature-Based Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Impacts of Private Sector and Parastatal Enterprises In and Around Kruger National Park, South Africa. In C. M. Hall (Eds.), Pro-poor Tourism: Who Benefits?- Perspectives on Tourism and Poverty Reduction (pp. 145-167). Frankfurt Lodge, UK: Channel View Publications.
- UNWTO. (2000). Sustainable development of tourism: A compilation of good practices. Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.
- UNWTO. (2002). Tourism and poverty alleviation. Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.
- UNWTO (2006). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2006 Edition. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284413492
- UNWTO (2013). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2013 Edition. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284415427
- UNWTO (2014). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2014 Edition. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416226
- Zhao, W., & Ritchie, J. B. (2007). Tourism and poverty alleviation: An integrative research framework. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 119-143.
- Pro-Poor Tourism as an Antecedent of Poverty Alleviation: An Assessment of the Local Community Perception
Abstract Views :122 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
3 Professor, Centre for Mountain Tourism and Hospitality Studies, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, IN
1 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
3 Professor, Centre for Mountain Tourism and Hospitality Studies, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, IN
Source
International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems, Vol 15, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 37-46Abstract
Tourism is a creative instrument for poverty reduction. Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) provides economic, socio-cultural and even environmental benefits to the globally impoverished community. The main goal of this study is to demystify the constructs of Pro-Poor Tourism and investigate the local community perception regarding the role of tourism in poverty alleviation. The present study attempts to understand the development of pro-poor tourism from social, cultural and economic dimensions by delving into the perceptions of the locally disadvantageous community providing tourism services in the Kashmir region of India. Primary and secondary data have been collected from the targeted respondents through a structured questionnaire for conducting this research. The study areas that have been selected for conducting the present study are Gulmarg (Study Area A) and Pahalgam (Study Area B) from the Kashmir region. The data collected were analysed through descriptive statistics, factor analysis and regression analysis to draw reliable and representative interpretations. The findings of this study may help the strategy makers and other community groups develop effective policy interventions for developing creative tourism practices as an anti-poverty programme that has local and global implications for promoting tourism for Poverty alleviation, ensuring sustainability.Keywords
Pro-poor Tourism, Tourism Development, Poverty Alleviation, Local CommunityReferences
- African Pro-Poor Tourism Development Centre. (2014). What is pro-poor tourism. Retrieved from http://www.propoortourism-kenya.org/what_is_propoortourism.html on 2-04-2015
- Akhtar, S., & Najar, A. H. (2020). Environmental sustainable practices in the hotels: From existence to implementation. Ecology, Environment. & Conservation, 26(1), 111-116.
- Ashley, C., & Jones, B. (2004, October). From philanthropy to a different way of doing business: Strategies and challenges in integrating pro-poor approaches into the tourism business. Paper Presented at ATLAS Africa Conference, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Ashley, C., Goodwin, H., & Roe, D. (2004). Update from the pro-poor tourism partnership. Retrieved October 25, 2010, from http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/PPTupdateMar04.pdf
- Ashley, C., Roe, D., & Goodwin, H. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor: A review of experience. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2358.pdf
- Bennett, O., Roe, D., & Ashley, C. (1999). Sustainable tourism and poverty elimination: A report for the department of international development. London: Deloitte & Touche, IIED and ODI. Retrieved from http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/dfid_report.pdf
- Burke, S. (2018). Demystifying poverty in tourism: Looking into pro-poor tourism in India (pp. 6-7). Thesis submitted to the University of Pegut Sound.
- Cattarinich, X. (2002). Pro poor tourism in developing countries: Analysis of secondary case studies. PPT Working Paper Series. London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Department for International Development (DFID). (1999). Tourism and poverty alleviation: Untapped potential. London: DFID.
- Isaacs, E. M. (2018). Tourism development through the sustainable development funding scheme within the Brecon Beacons National Park. Journal of Tourism, 19(2), 47-60.
- Folarin, O., & Adeniyi, O. (2020). Does tourism reduce poverty in Sub-Saharan African countries? Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 140-155.
- Gore, S. (2019). Stakeholders collaboration for a religious tourism mega event. Journal of Tourism, 20(1), 15-32.
- Gupta, S. K., & Vijay, P. (2013). Tourism development pattern along Badri Kedar pilgrimage circuit in Uttrakhand India. Journal of Tourism, 14(2), 67-76.
- Gupta, S. K., & Raina, R. (2009). Pilgrimage tourism in Vaishno Devi: An evaluation of socio-cultural impacts. Journal of Tourism, 10(1), 62-82. HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal.
- Hall, D. (2004). Tourism and sustainable community development. New York: Routledge.
- Hall, M. (2007). Pro poor tourism: Who benefits? Bristol: Channel View Publications.
- Hansard. (2006). 10 November 2003: Column 32W. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from www.publications.parliament.uk/ pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031110/text/31110w09.htm Harrison, D. (2008). Pro poor tourism. Third World Quarterly, 29, 851-868.
- Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Harvey, D. (2002). The art of recent: Globalisation, monopoly and the commodification of culture, In L. Panitch & C. Leys (Ed.), A World of Contradictions, Socialist Register Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://socialistregister.com/recent/2002
- Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What are institutions? Journal of Economic Issues, 40(1), 1-25.
- Honey, M. (1999). Eco-tourism and sustainable develop-ment: Who owns paradise? Island: Washington, DC.
- Honigsbaum, M. (2001, January 27). ‘McGuggenheim?’ The Guardian. Retrieved March 1, 2007, www. guardian.co.uk/saturday_review/story/0,3605,429259,00.html
- Johns, N., & Mattsson, J. (2005). Destination development through entrepreneurship: A comparison of two cases. Tourism Management, 26(4), 605-616.
- Kishnani, N. (2019). Sustainable development of eco-tourism in Madhaya Pradesh: Prospects and problems. Journal of Tourism, 20(1), 55-70.
- Manwa, H., & Manwa, F. (2014). Poverty alleviation through pro-poor tourism: The role of Botswana forest reserves. Sustainability, 6, 5697-5713. doi:10.3390/su6095697
- Mthembu, B., & Mutambara, E. (2018). Rural tourism as a mechanism for poverty alleviation in Kwa Zulu Natal Province of SA: Case of Bergville. African Journal of Hospitality Tourism and Leisure, 7(4).
- Najar, A. H., & Saini, G. K. (2018). Reimaging conflict exhibited destinations (CED) through recovery marketing strategies. JOHAR, 13(1), 16.
- Najar, A. H .(2018). Recovery marketing activities (RMA’s): A tool to manage destination in conflict situation - Research literature review. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 11(1).
- Panday, T., & Joshi, P. (2016). Institutional frameworks in community based tourism policy frameworks for an ‘Inclusive India’ with emphasis on farmer producer organisations (FPOs). Amity Research Journal of Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality, 1(1).
- Balmukund, R., & Garg, R. (2017). Sustainable tourism in gujarat views of community. Journal of Tourism, 18(2), 63-81.
- Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2003) Today’s youth travellers: tomorrow’s global nomads: New horizons in independent youth and student travel. Amsterdam: International Student Travel Confederation.
- Sadler, P. G., & Archer, B. H. (1975). The economic impact of tourism in developing countries. In T. Huybers (Eds.), Tourism in Developing Countries (pp. 177-190). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
- Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bansal, S. P., Kansal, P., & Walia, S. (2018). Sustainable developmental implications of community based tourism initiatives in Himachal: An empirical study. Journal of Tourism 19(1), 59-70.
- Stabler, M. J., Papatheodorou, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2010). The economics of tourism (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Routledge.
- Telfer, D. J., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Tourism and development in the developing world. Cornwall, UK: Routledge.
- Veugelers, R., & van der Ploeg, F. (2008a). Towards evidence-based reform of European Universities, CESifo. Economic Studies, 54(2/2008).
- VisitBritain. (2006). Cultural tourism advisory guide. London: VisitBritain.
- VisitBritain. (2007) Literary landscapes. Retrieved from www1.visitbritain.com/VB3-de-DE/experiences/Tour/inspirational_landscapes/writers_poets_introduction.aspx
- Wang, Y. (2006). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: A case study of Washington, NC. Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-14.
- Winters, P., Corral, L., & Mora, A. M. (2013). Assessing the role of tourism in poverty alleviation: A research agenda. Dev. Pol. Rev. 31, 177-202.
- WTO. (2002b). Enhancing the economic benefits of tourism for local communities and poverty alleviation. Madrid, Spain: WTO.
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed.). Guilford Press and Publication New York.
- Zhao, W. (2016). Pro-poor tourism. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham.
- Zhao, L., & Xia, X. (2020). Tourism and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from China. Tourism Economics, 26(2), 233-256.
- Zhao, W., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2007). Tourism and poverty alleviation: An integrative research framework. In C. M. Hall (Eds.), Pro-poor Tourism: Who Benefits? – Perspectives on Tourism and Poverty Reduction (pp. 9-29). Frankfurt Lodge, UK: Channel View Publications.
- Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Understand its Role in Peacebuilding
Abstract Views :124 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism, Hospitality & Leisure Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir,, IN
3 Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
4 Sr. Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
1 Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism, Hospitality & Leisure Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir,, IN
3 Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
4 Sr. Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
Source
International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems, Vol 15, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 47-58Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to understand the structural relation that can exist among attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control that explain the Theory of Planned behavior as its antecedents. This approach can help to explicate as to how tourism entrepreneurship can offer support in peace building process in the Kashmir Region. The study uses Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling for investigating the multivariable relationship. The study finds that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are significant in measuring the intentions of entrepreneurs towards peace building process. The study offers research inputs to the academia, industry and policy makers to evolve fresh interventions to mitigate the impact of a long standing conflict in the region. The area under study falls in one of the high risk conflict-prone regions of the world that involves two nuclear armed nations and poses substantial threat to the entire region of South Asia. The study pools a fresh narrative from entrepreneurial perspective that can have a mediating effect on the peace process in the region.Keywords
Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Tourism Entrepreneurship, Peace Building, KashmirReferences
- Acs, Z. J., & Amorós, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Bus Econ, 31(3), 305-322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11187-008-9133-y Adeleke, B. O. (2008). Peace and tourism in Nigeria. Paper commissioned for.
- Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology, pp. 1-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065 -2601(08)60411-6 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978 (91)90020-t Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113-1127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
- Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
- Altinay, L., Biçak, H. A., & Altinay, M. (2002). Economic integration and the tourism industry of North Cyprus. Tourism Economics, 8(3), 325-335. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101298151
- Altinay, L. (2000). Possible impacts of a federal solution to the Cyprus problem on the tourism industry of North Cyprus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3), 295-309.
- Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
- Banfield, J., Barbolet, A., Goldwyn, R., & Killick, N. (2005). Conflict-sensitive business practice: Guidance for extractive industries. London, UK.
- Barbara, J. (2006). Nation building and the role of the private sector as a political peace-builder: Opinion. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(4), 581-594.
- Bartlett, M. S. (1954). Significance test for sphericity of a normal n-variate distribution. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296-298.
- Baumol, W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, management, and the structure of payoffs.
- Bevernage, B. (2012). History, memory, and state-sponsored violence: Time and justice. NewYork:Routledge Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
- Bygrave, W. D. (1993). Theory building in the entrepreneurship paradigm. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 255280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90031-y
- Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090-1098. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016
- Causevic, S., & Lynch, P. (2011). Phoenix tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 780-800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.004
- Chari, P. R., Chandran, D. S., & Akhtar, S. (2011). Tourism and peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir. US Institute of Peace.
- Cook, W. J. (1990). The effect of terrorism on executives’ willingness to travel internationally (Doctoral dissertation). City University of New York.
- Colomb, C., & Novy, J. (Eds.). (2016). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge.
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281.
- Davidsson, P. (1995). Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 7(1), 41-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629500000003
- Deitelhoff, N., Feil, M., Fischer, S., Haidvogl, A., Wolf, K. D., & Zimmer, M. (2010). Business in zones of conflict and global security governance: What has been learnt and where to from here? In Corporate Security Responsibility? (pp. 202-226). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
- Fletcher, J., & Morakabati, Y. (2008). Tourism activity, terrorism and political instability within the commonwealth: The cases of Fiji and Kenya. Int. J.Tourism Res., 10(6), 537-556. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ jtr.699
- Ganson, B. (2014). Business in fragile environments: Capabilities for conflict prevention. Negotiation Confl Manage Res, 7(2), 121-139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ ncmr.12028
- Gerson, A. (2001). Peace building: The private sector’s role. Am. J. Int’l L., 95, 102.
- Gündüz, C., Vaillant, C., & Banfield, J. (2006). Addressing the economic dimensions of peacebuilding through trade and support to private enterprise.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
- Hall, C. M. (2002). Travel safety, terrorism and the media: The significance of the issue-attention cycle. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(5), 458-466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667935
- Hall, C. M., & O-Sullivan, V. (1996). Tourism, political stability and violence. Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, 105-121.
- Issa, I. A., & Altinay, L. (2006). Impacts of political instability on tourism planning and development: The case of Lebanon. Tourism Economics, 12(3), 361-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006778493664
- Isaac, R. K. (2010). Alternative tourism: New forms of tourism in Bethlehem for the Palestinian tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(1), 21-36.
- Jimmieson, N. L., Peach, M., & White, K. M. (2008). Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(2), 237-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307312773
- Jong-A-Pin, R. M. (2008). Essays on political instability: Measurement, causes and consequences. PPI Publishers.
- Joras, U. (2007). Companies in peace processes. doi:https:// doi.org/10.14361/9783839406908 Kaiser, M. O. (1974). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure for identity correlation matrix. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52, 296-298.
- Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655-674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056
- Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-58.
- Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.
- Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
- Lewis, R., & Green, S. (1998). Planning for stability and managingchaos: The case of Alpine ski resorts. In E. Laws, B. Faulkner, & G. Moscardo (Eds.), Embracing and Managing Change in Tourism: International Case Studies (pp. 138-160). London: Routledge.
- Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and crosscultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
- Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: What we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935-957.
- Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
- Mack, A. (2004). A signifier of shared values. Security Dialogue, 35(3), 366-367.
- Macko, A., & Tyszka, T. (2009). Entrepreneurship and risk taking. Applied Psychology, 58(3), 469-487.
- Matta, S., Appleton, S., & Bleaney, M. (2018a). The microeconomic impact of political instability: Firm-level evidence from Tunisia. Rev Dev Econ, 22(4), 1590-1619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12388
- Mattoo, D., & Qureshi, R. A. (2016). Impact of political stability on foreign tourist arrivals in Kashmir. In Verma, S. M., Panwar, S. K., & Chourasia, B. (Eds.), Challenges and Opportunities in Tourism & Hospitality Sector (pp.108-119, 13). Bharti Publications.
- Mei, H., Zhan, Z., Fong, P. S. W., Liang, T., & Ma, Z. (2016). Planned behaviour of tourism students' entrepreneurial intentions in China. Applied Economics, 48(13), 12401254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.10960 06
- Morrison, J. (2006). The international business environment. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20957-2 Nassar, M. A. (2012). Political unrest costs Egyptian tourism dearly: An ethnographical study. International Business Research, 5(10), 166.
- Nelson, B. (2000). Book reviews. 17(1), 90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0737-6782(99)00024-7 Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259-281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002703262358
- Nishimura, J. S., & Tristán, O. M. (2011). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict nascent entrepreneurship. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, (46), 55-71.
- O'connor, N., Stafford, M. R., & Gallagher, G. (2008). The impact of global terrorism on Ireland's tourism industry: An industry perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 351-363.
- Pizam, A., & Smith, G. (2000). Tourism and terrorism: A quantitative analysis of major terrorist acts and their impact on tourism destinations. Tourism Economics, 6(2), 123-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/ 000000000101297523
- Prieto, L. C., Phipps, S. T., & Friedrich, T. L. (2012). Social entrepreneur development: An integration of critical pedagogy, the theory of planned behavior and the ACS model. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 18(2).
- Rawski, F., & Sharma, M. (2012). A comprehensive peace? Lessons from human rights monitoring in Nepal. Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, 175-200.
- Reynolds, P. D. (2000). National panel study of US business startups: Background and methodology. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 4(1), 153-227.
- Richter, L. K. (1999). After political turmoil: The lessons of rebuilding tourism in three Asian countries. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 41-45.
- Robinson, G. (2010). State-sponsored violence and secessionist rebellions in Asia. In The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies.
- Rodrik, D. (2014). The past, present, and future of economic growth. Challenge, 57(3), 5-39.
- Roe, M. J., & Siegel, J. I. (2011). Political instability: Effects on financial development, roots in the severity of economic inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(3), 279-309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.02.001
- Russell, R., & Faulkner, B. (1999). Movers and shakers: Chaos makers in tourism development. Tourism Management, 20(4), 411-423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/ s02615177(99)00014-x
- Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509-521. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496472
- Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291-332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ etap.12087
- Selvanathan, S. (2007). The effect of war and other factors on Sri Lankan tourism. Applied Economics Letters, 14(1), 35-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500425576
- Sen, A. (2006). Identity & Violence.
- Singh, L. (2000). Political prisoners in India. Indian Historical Review, 27(1), 127-128.
- Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72-90.
- Shook, C. L., & Bratianu, C. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: An application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. Int Entrep Manag J, 6(3), 231-247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0091-2
- Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & Mcgee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379-399.
- Shumetie, A., & Watabaji, M. D. (2019). Effect of corruption and political instability on enterprises' innovativeness in Ethiopia: pooled data based. J Innov Entrep, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-019-0107-x
- Soliman, D. M. (2011). Entrepreneurial intention among tourism undergraduate students in Egypt. Tourism
- Analysis, 16(4), 471-481.
- Stacey, R. (1992). Managing chaos: Dynamic business strategies in an unpredictable world. Kogan Page.
- Stenholm, P. (2011). Innovative behavior as a moderator of growth intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(2), 233-251.
- Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). The impacts of tourism, energy consumption and political instability on economic growth in the MENA countries. Energy Policy, 68, 458-464.
- Tiago, T., Faria, S., Couto, J. P., & Tiago, F. (2015). Fostering innovation by promoting entrepreneurship: From education to intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 154-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1186
- Tripathi, S., Gündüz, C., & Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. (2008). A role for the private sector in peace processes? Examples, and implications for third-party mediation. HD Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
- Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International.
- Verma, V. (2008, October 31). Terrorism through prism of non-violence. Daily Excelsior. Retrieved from Tourism: A tool for crafting peace process in Kashmir, J&K, India.
- Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219-246.
- Wennmann, A. (2011). The political economy of peacemaking. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835173
- Weir, D. (2005). Restoring tourism destinations in crisis: A strategic marketing approach: D. Beirman; Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, 2003, price £22.95 paperback, ISBN: 0-85199-729-5. Tourism Management, 3(26), 475-476.
- Wieviorka, M. (2004). The making of terrorism. University of Chicago Press.
- Willebrands, D., Lammers, J., & Hartog, J. (2012). A successful businessman is not a gambler: Risk attitude and business performance among small enterprises in Nigeria. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 342-354.
- Yasarata, M., Altinay, L., Burns, P., & Okumus, F. (2010). Politics and sustainable tourism development - Can they co-exist? Voices from North Cyprus. Tourism Management, 31(3), 345-356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.016
- Chauhan and Khanna (2008) tourism: A tool for crafting peace process in Kashmir J&K, India