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Historical Development of Freedom of Speech: A Comparative Study


Affiliations
1 Modern Law College, Pune-16, India
 

Freedom of speech in HR documents :

Concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents1 and the modern concept of freedom of speech emerged gradually during the European Enlightenment2 . England’s Bill of Rights 1689 granted ‘freedom of speech in Parliament’ and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right3 . The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that: “The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law”4 . 


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  • Smith, David (2006-02-05). “Timeline: a history of free speech”. The Guardian (London). Available at, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/feb/05/religion.news accessed on 27/07/2016.

  • “The Enlightenment”. Washington State University.

  • Timeline: a history of free speech” The Guardian. February 5, 2006.

  • http://www.hrcr.org/docs/frenchdec.html

  • The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pg.21.

  • Drafted in 1950, came into force on 3rd Sept. 1953

  • Norman L. Rosenberg, Protecting the Best Men: An Interpretive History of the Law of Libel (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), pg. 9

  • Available at, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551948/Socrates/233637/The-Athenian-ideal-of-free-speech accessed on 27/07/2016.

  • Available at, http://books.google.co.in/ooks?id=Y-wrA3Zjzfc0C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Tiberius+and+freedom+of+speech&source=bl&ots=jKQn7cI6sx&sig=i_poZ_dMKx38uHWFaPpcmeD3p7U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FYeFUq7hKMm8kQX9q4DgAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Tiberius%20and%20freedom%20of%20speech&f=false Accessed on 27/07/2016.

  • Patterson v. Colorado, (1906) 205 US 454 (462).

  • Supra note 1.

  • Ibid

  • ML Arnold v. Emp.. AIR 1914 PC 116.

  • Basu. D.D., Law Of The Press, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur, 5th edition, 2010, pg. 19

  • Romesh Thappar v. State of M.P., AIR 1950 SC 124; Brijbhushan v. State of Delhi, AIR 1950 SC 129.

  • Tata Press Ltd. v. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd., (1995) 5 SCC 139.

  • Express Newspapers v. Union of India, (1959) SCR 12 (121).

  • Express Newspapers v. Union of India, (1959) SCR 12 (121).

  • Bennett Coleman & Co. v. Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 106 [Also see Indian Express v. Union of India, (1985) 1 SCC 641 (para 44)].

  • M.P. Jain, “Indian Constitutional Law” Wadhwa and Company Nagpur, New Delhi, 2003, p. 1152.

  • V.N. Shukla, “The Constitution of India” Eastern Book Company, New Delhi, 2004, . 105.

  • Menaka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597: (1978) 1 SCC 248.

  • V.S. Deshpande, “Right and Duties under the Constitution”, 15 JILI (1973), p. 95.

  • Avaialable at http://www.lawctopus.com/academike/freedom-of-speech-and-expression/ accessed on 28/07/2016.

  • ibid


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  • Historical Development of Freedom of Speech: A Comparative Study

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Authors

Pawan Kalwala
Modern Law College, Pune-16, India

Abstract


Freedom of speech in HR documents :

Concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents1 and the modern concept of freedom of speech emerged gradually during the European Enlightenment2 . England’s Bill of Rights 1689 granted ‘freedom of speech in Parliament’ and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right3 . The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that: “The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law”4 . 


References