Parikalpana: KIIT Journal of Management

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Well-Being of the Health Care Professionals - A Review and Synthesis of Literature


Affiliations
1 Research Scholar, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
2 Assistant Professor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
 

This pandemic time due to COVID 19 outbreaks, Hospital Sector has become a crucial sector for the whole economy. This virus undoubtedly has made us realize the unquestionable relevance of the hospital sector and the need for health care professionals (HCP). With this in mind, the purpose of the current research is to provide a comprehensive and concise state of the art, literature review on the concept of Well- Being of healthcare employees during the pandemic. Drawing on the various well-being models and dimensions, we attempt to identify the additional factors that can help maintain the Well- Being of Health Care Professionals through a Well-Being Structure (WBS). The current study builds upon the review of 100 published articles related to profound aspects of well-being, well-being during pandemic times specific to the healthcare sector. Research gaps in the literature have been identified to suggest future research opportunities. This present paper is timely because globally, the whole population is still suffering from this contagious disease. It may last on this earth to some extent always in coming years in one or the other geographical area. This review will be facilitating the Health Care Administration in maintaining and managing the well- being of Human Resources in an improved manner. Recommendations and future research are provided using Well- Being Structure. Finally, implications for the hospital administrations, health care professionals and society have been discussed.

Keywords

Health Care Professionals (HCP), Employee Well- Being (EWB), Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), Well Being Structure (WBS).
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Abel, T., & McQueen, D. (2020).Critical health literacy and the COVID-19 crisis. Health promotion international, Volume 35, Issue 6, 1612–1613, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa040.

  • Adil, M. S., & Baig, M. (2018). Impact of job demands-resources model on burnout and employee’s well-being: Evidence from the pharmaceutical organisations of Karachi. IIMB management review, 30(2), 119-133.

  • Alderman, B., Webber, K., Davies, A., (2020). An audit of end-of-life symptom control in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) dying in a hospital in the United Kingdom. Palliative Medicine.Vol. 34(9) 1249– 1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320947

  • Ali, A., Hakak, A., Faseeh, A., (2020). Assessing the Coronavirus Research Output: A Bibliometric Analysis. Global Business Review. 1–12. DOI: 10.1177/0972150920975116

  • Alper Kayaalp, Kyle J. Page & Kathleen M. Rospenda (2020): Caregiver burden, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and mental health of caregivers: A meditational longitudinal study, Work & Stress,DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2020.1832609.

  • Barati, M., Bashirian, S., Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Zareian, S., ...&Moeini, B. (2020). Factors Associated with Preventive Behaviours of COVID-19 among Hospital Staff in Iran in 2020: An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3), 430–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.035.

  • Behaviour, I. P., & Measures, C. (2020). Editorial Why health promotion matters to the COVID 19 pandemic, and vice versa.Health Promotion International, Volume 35, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 181–186, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa042.

  • Brand, P. L. P. (2020). COVID-19: a unique learning opportunity if the well-being of learners and frontline workers is adequately supported. Perspectives on Medical Education, 9(3), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00596-y.

  • Brodie, R. J., Ranjan, K. R., Verreynne, M. L., Jiang, Y., & Previte, J. (2021). Coronavirus crisis and health care: learning from a service ecosystem perspective. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-07-2020-0178.

  • Cash-Gibson, L., Pericàs, J. M., Martinez-Herrera, E., & Benach, J. (2021). Health Inequalities in the Time of COVID-19: The Globally Reinforcing Need to Strengthen Health Inequalities Research Capacities. International Journal of Health Services, 51(3), 300-304

  • Chatterjee, C., & Srinivasan, V. (2013). Ethical issues in health care sector in India. IIMB Management Review, 25(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

  • iimb.2012.11.004 Cherepanov, E. (2020). Responding to the Psychological Needs of Health Workers During Pandemic: Ten Lessons From Humanitarian Work. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness,1-7.https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.356

  • Cherepanov, E. (2018). Ethicsfor global mental health: From good intentions to humanitarian accountability. Routledge.

  • Cherepanov, E. (1999). Return from mission. Trauma News, 8(4), 5-7.

  • Choudhery, A., & Ansari, T. (2020). Lockdown Syndrome VS COVID-19 in India Biomedical European of Pharmaceutical sciences. (August).Volume 7, Issue 8, 382-385.

  • Christine Ipsen, Maria Karanika-Murray & Giulia Nardelli (2020) Addressing mental health and organisational performance in tandem: A challenge and an opportunity for bringing together what belongs together, Work & Stress, 34:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2020.1719555

  • Connectedness, I.-. (2020). COVID-19 : Health as a Common Good. American Journal of Public Health.110(8), 1111–1112. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305802

  • Cooke, P. J., Melchert, T. P., & Connor, K. (2016). Measuring Well-Being: A Review of Instruments. Counseling Psychologist, 44(5), 730–757. https://doi.

  • org/10.1177/0011000016633507 Consolazio, D., Murtas, R., Tunesi, S., Gervasi, F., Benassi, D., & Russo, A. G. (2021). Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi. International Journal of Health Services, 0020731421994842.

  • Godderis, L., Boone, A., Bacusic, J. (2020).COVID-19 : a new work-related disease threatening healthcare workers. (2020). Occupational Medicine.(May), 315– 316. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa056

  • Du, J., Dong, L., Wang, T., Yuan, C., Fu, R., Zhang, L., Liu, B., Zhang, M., Yin, Y., Qin, J., 2020. Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID19 outbreak in Wuhan. General Hospital Psychiatry.67, 144–145.

  • Dzau, V. J., Kirch, D., &Nasca, T. (2020). Preventing a parallel pandemic—a national strategy to protect clinicians’ well-being. New England Journal of Medicine.383:513-515 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2011027.

  • Evans, D. and Over, M. (2020), The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/economic-impact-covid-19-low-and-middleincome-countries (accessed 5 April 2020).

  • Faraain, N., & Musairah, S. K. (2019).Exploring Workplace Injustice and Employees ’ Well-Being in Malaysia. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB),Volume:4 Issues: 21 [September, 2019] pp.76 - 91].

  • Forman, R., Atun, R., Mckee, M., & Mossialos, E. (2020). 12 Lessons learned from the management of the coronavirus pandemic. Health Policy, 124(6), 577– 580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.05.008

  • Garg, N., & Lal, B. (2015). Exploring the linkage between awareness and perception of high-performance work practices with employee well-being at workplace: A new dimension for HRM. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 4(1-2), 81-100.

  • Garg, P., Rastogi, R., & Kataria, A. (2013). Promoting citizenship behaviors in workplace: The relevance of organizational justice and psychological well-being of employees. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 2(2), 67-84.

  • Gavin, B., Hayden, J., & Mcnicholas, F. (2020). Caring for the Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals in the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis. Irish Medical Journal.Vol 113; No. 4;P 51.

  • Ghosh, A., Nundy, S., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). How India is dealing with COVID-19 pandemic. Sensors International, 100021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

  • sintl.2020.100021 Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational research methods, 16(1), 15-31.

  • Goodman, F. (2017). Measuring well-being : A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA Measuring well-being : A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The Journal of Positive Psychology, (October), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434

  • Gottman, J. M., Coan, J., Carrere, S., Swanson, C., Gottman, J. M., Coan, J., … Swanson, C. (1998). Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions Published by : National Council on Family Relations Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/job

  • Goudar, V., Basalingappa, K. M., & Prasad, N. (2020). Covid-19 : A Review on Corona Virus. International Journal of Innovative Medicine and Health Science,Volume 12, 2020, 5-12 Grant, A. M., Christianson, M. K., & Price, R. H. (2007). Happiness, Health, or Relationships ? Managerial Practices and Employee Weil-Being Tradeoffs. 21(3), 51–63.

  • Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and Well-Being in the Workplace : A Review and Synthesis of the Literature.Journal of Management. 25(3), 357–384.

  • Grover, S., Dua, D., Sahoo, S., Mehra, A., & Nehra, R. (2020). Why all COVID-19 hospitals should have mental health professionals : The importance of mental health in a worldwide crisis ! Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(April), 102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102147

  • Guterres, A., UN Secretary-General, 2020. UN urges countries to focus on mental health in Coronavirus response. VOA News May 15, 2020.

  • Hagger, M. S., Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Managing stress during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and beyond : Reappraisal and mindset approaches. Stress and Health.396–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2969

  • Hare, S.S., Rodrigues, J., Nair, A. and Robinson, G. (2020), Lessons from the Frontline of the Covid-19 Oubreak, The BMJ Opinion, available at: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/03/20/lessons-fromthe-frontline-of-the-covid-19-outbreak/ (accessed 14 April 2020).

  • Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies.American Psychological Association. (p. 205–224).https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/10594-009

  • Hcws, P., & Yes, N. (2020). Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19.World Health Organization. (March), 2–7.

  • Hossain, F. (2020). Moral distress among healthcare providers and mistrust among patients during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. (August),Developing World Bioethics1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12291

  • Hyett, M. P., & Parker, G. B. (2015). Further Examination of the Properties of the Workplace Well-Being Questionnaire (WWQ). Social Indicators Research, 124(2), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0805-5

  • Jayasinghe, C. (2017). A Model of Employee Well-being for Front-line Employees in Hotel Industry.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7(5), 60-64.

  • Karina Nielsen, Morten B. Nielsen, Chidiebere Ogbonnaya, Marja Känsälä, Eveliina Saari & Kerstin Isaksson (2017) Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Work & Stress,31:2, 101-120, DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2017.1304463

  • Kinman, G., Teoh, K., &Harriss, A. (2020).Supporting the well-being of healthcare workers during and after COVID-19.Occupational Medicine. (May). https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa096

  • Klasen, J. M., Vithyapathy, A., Zante, B., & Burm, S. (2020). “ The storm has arrived ”: the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on medical students.Perspectives of Medical Education. 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00592-2

  • Kowalski, T. H. P., & Loretto, W. (2017). Well-being and HRM in the changing workplace. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(16), 2229–2255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1345205

  • Kumar, S. U., Kumar, D. T., & Christopher, B. P. (2020). The Rise and Impact of COVID-19 in India. 7(May),Frontiers in Medicine,1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00250

  • Lange, T. (2015). MPOWER : Season ’ s greetings. (December).

  • Learning, F. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic : A View From Vietnam. American Journal of Public Health.110(8), 1152–1153. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305751

  • Leite, H., Hodgkinson, I.R. and Gruber, T. (2020), “New development: ‘Healing at a distance’– telemedicine and COVID-19”, Public Money and Management, Vol. 40 No. 6, pp. 483-485, doi: 10.1080/09540962.2020.1748855.

  • Liu, C.-Y., Yang, Y.-Z., Zhang, X.-M., Xu, X., Dou, Q.-L., Zhang, W.-W., Cheng, A.S., 2020. The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional survey. Epidemiology. Infect. 1–17.

  • Liu, L. (2018). Human resource management and employee well-being in China. (July 2018). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336252150_Human_resource_management_and_employee_well-being_in_China

  • Mahmud, A., & Islam, M. R. (2020).Social stigma as a barrier to Covid-19 responses to community well-being in Bangladesh.International Journal of Community Well-Being, 1-7.

  • Mawani, F. N., Gunn, V., O’Campo, P., Anagnostou, M., Muntaner, C., Wanigaratne, S., ... & An, A. (2021). COVID-19 Economic Response and Recovery: A Rapid Scoping Review. International Journal of Health Services, 51(2), 247-260.

  • Med, O. (2020). Sickness absence in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. (May), 338–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa093

  • Medicine, O. (2019). Managing traumatic stress in the workplace. 2–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqy146

  • Miller G. Social distancing prevents infections, but it can have unintended consequences. Science. Available from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/we-are-social-species-how-will-social-distancing-affect-us. [Last accessed on 2020 Sep 15].

  • Miller, D. (2020). Coronavirus on the Inpatient Unit: A New Challenge for Psychiatry. Medscape: Nurses. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926834?src=wnl_tp10n_200410_mscpedit&uac=164308FT&impID=234 0633&faf=1

  • Morabia, S., & Covid-, A. (2020). A Public Health Perspective in the Times of COVID-19. American Journal of Public Health.110(7), 925–926. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305742

  • Nilima, N., Kaushik, S., Tiwary, B., & Pandey, P. K. (2020). Psycho-social factors associated with the nationwide lockdown in India during COVID- 19 pandemic. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.010

  • Nilima, N., Kaushik, S., Tiwary, B., & Pandey, P. K. (2021). Psycho-social factors associated with the nationwide lockdown in India during COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 47-52.

  • Otu, A., Charles, C. H., & Yaya, S. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: The invisible elephant in the room. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00371-w

  • Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The “what”, “why” and “how” of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441– 458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9270-3

  • Pak, A., Adegboye, O.A., Adekunle, A.I., Rahman, K.M., McBryde, E.S. and Eisen, D.P. (2020), “Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness”, Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 8, 29 May, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241.

  • Philip, J., & Cherian, V. (2020). Factors affecting the Psychological Well-being of Health Care Workers During an epidemic : a Thematic Review.Journal of Psychological Medicine.(July). https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620934095

  • Player, S. D. (2021). Taking Care of Business: Privileging Private Sector Hospitals During the COVID Crisis. International Journal of Health Services, 51(3), 305-310.

  • Pradhan, R. K., & Hati, L. (2019).The Measurement of Employee Well-being : Development and The Measurement of Employee Well-being : Development and Validation of a Scale.Global Business Review.(October). https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919859101

  • Rajkumar, R.P., 2020. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatary.102066

  • Rammohan, A., Centre, M., Rela, M., & Centre, M. (2020). COVID-19 : Could India still escape ?Journal of Global Health. (July). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010372

  • Ripp, J., Peccoralo, L., & Charney, D. (2020). Attending to the Emotional Well-Being of the Health Care Workforce in a New York City Health System During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Academic Medicine.95(8), 1136–1139. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003414

  • Sahoo, P., Ashwani. (2020). COVID-19 and Indian Economy: Impact on Growth, Manufacturing, Trade and MSME Sector. Global Business Review.21(5) 1159–1183,. DOI: 10.1177/0972150920945687

  • San Martin, A. H., Serrano, J. P., Cambriles, T. D., Arias, E. M. A., Méndez, J. M., del Yerro Álvarez, M. J., & Sánchez, M. G. (2020). Sleep characteristics in health workers exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep medicine, 75, 388-394.

  • Sarla, G. S. (2020). COVID dairies: An Indian perspective. Journal of Medical Research Surgery, 1(3), 1-4.

  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., Sinai, M., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. American edical Association. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5893

  • Spa, L. (2000). Well-being and Burnout in the Workplace,. (Warr 1990), 1990–1992.

  • Stewart, D. (2021), “Uncertainty and risk are multidimension: lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic”,Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 92-93.

  • S. Iavicoli, S. Leka & K. Nielsen (2020) Promoting Occupational Health Psychology through professional bodies: The role of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology, Work & Stress, 34:3, 215-218, DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2020.1774939.

  • Teoh, Kevin and Hassard, Juliet and Cox, Tom (2019) Doctors’ perceived working conditions and the quality of patient care: A systematic review. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, ISSN 0267-8373.

  • Uras, U. (2020), “Coronavirus: comparing COVID-19, SARS and MERS”, available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/8/coronavirus-comparing-covid-19-sars-and-mers (accessed 13 November 2020).

  • Updegraff, J. A., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2008). Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(3), 709.

  • Voukelatou, V., Gabrielli, L., Miliou, I., Cresci, S., Sharma, R., Tesconi, M., & Pappalardo, L. (2020). Measuring objective and subjective well-being: dimensions and data sources. In International Journal of Data Science and Analytics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-020-00224-2

  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., Ho, R.C., 2020. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1729.

  • Wang, H., Cleary, P.D., Little, J. and Auffray, C. (2020), “Communicating in a public health crisis”, The Lancet,available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(20)30197- 7/fulltext (accessed 19 September 2020).

  • Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y., Yu, S., Yao, B., & Xiang, D. (2020). Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occupational Medicine, Volume 70, Issue 5, July 2020, Pages 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa074

  • Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health.Journal of occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193-210.

  • Williamson, V., Murphy, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020). COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers. Occupational Medicine, Volume 70, Issue 5, July 2020, Pages 317–319, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa052

  • World Health Organization.(2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020, 1-6(No. WHO/2019-nCoV/Mental Health/2020.1). World Health Organization.

  • World Health Organization. (2020). Overview of public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 18 May 2020, 1-8 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/PHSM_Overview/2020.1). World Health Organization.

  • World Health Organization. War Trauma Foundation, World Vision International. Psychological First Aid: Guide for Field Workers. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44615/. Published 2011. Accessed October 24, 2020.

  • Zaidi, S. R., Sharma, V. K., Tsai, S. L., Flores, S., Lema, P. C., & Castillo, J. (2020). Emergency Department Well-being Initiatives During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An After-action Review. AEM education and training, 4(4), 411-414.

  • Zhou, A. Y., & Panagioti, M. (2020). Mental health and the medical profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational Medicine, 70(5), 362-363.


Abstract Views: 316

PDF Views: 0




  • Well-Being of the Health Care Professionals - A Review and Synthesis of Literature

Abstract Views: 316  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Manpreet Kailay
Research Scholar, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
Kamalpreet Kaur Paposa
Assistant Professor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India

Abstract


This pandemic time due to COVID 19 outbreaks, Hospital Sector has become a crucial sector for the whole economy. This virus undoubtedly has made us realize the unquestionable relevance of the hospital sector and the need for health care professionals (HCP). With this in mind, the purpose of the current research is to provide a comprehensive and concise state of the art, literature review on the concept of Well- Being of healthcare employees during the pandemic. Drawing on the various well-being models and dimensions, we attempt to identify the additional factors that can help maintain the Well- Being of Health Care Professionals through a Well-Being Structure (WBS). The current study builds upon the review of 100 published articles related to profound aspects of well-being, well-being during pandemic times specific to the healthcare sector. Research gaps in the literature have been identified to suggest future research opportunities. This present paper is timely because globally, the whole population is still suffering from this contagious disease. It may last on this earth to some extent always in coming years in one or the other geographical area. This review will be facilitating the Health Care Administration in maintaining and managing the well- being of Human Resources in an improved manner. Recommendations and future research are provided using Well- Being Structure. Finally, implications for the hospital administrations, health care professionals and society have been discussed.

Keywords


Health Care Professionals (HCP), Employee Well- Being (EWB), Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), Well Being Structure (WBS).

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.23862/kiit-parikalpana%2F2022%2Fv18%2Fi1%2F212344