Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Persistent and Endocrine Disrupting Organic Pollutants: Advancements and Challenges in Analysis, Health Concerns and Clinical Correlates


Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
2 Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
 

Persistent and endocrine disrupting organic pollutants pose serious health risks to humans and wildlife due to their long half-lives, bioaccumulation and toxicity. These compounds have a negative impact on human health and induce a variety of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic disorders. Extremely low concentrations of these compounds can induce adverse health effects in human. Efficient analytical methods are always demanded in order to extract and determine such low concentrations in environmental and biological samples. In the last decade, studies mostly focused on profiling and identification of persistent and endocrine disrupting pollutants in tissues and body fluids using various analytical methods. However, investigation of trace level pollutants associated with various disorders requires complex analytical protocols. Biological matrix presents serious challenges in the extraction of these pollutants mainly because of its complexity and inherent limitations of extraction procedures. We outline advantages and pitfalls of recent extraction approaches. Analysis of these compounds is carried out by using gas and liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors. We have reviewed the current status of advancements in the area of analytical chromatography and accomplishments and weaknesses have been pointed out. At the end, we encapsulate some health effects and clinical correlates of persistent and endocrine disrupting organic pollutants.

Keywords

Persistent Organic Pollutants, Endocrine Disrupting, Compounds Micro Extraction, Biological Matrix, Health Effects.
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Abdel-Nabi, I.M., Kadry, A.M., Davis, R.A. and Abdel-Rahman, M.S. 1992. Development and validation of a highperformance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of benzophenone-3 in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol., 12: 255-259.

  • Adami, H.O., Bergstrom, R., Mohner, M., Zatoôski, W., Storm, H., Ekbom, A., Tretli, S., Teppo, L., Ziegler, H., Rahu, M., Gurevicius, R. and Stengrevics, A. 1994. Testicular cancer in nine northern European countries. Int. J. Cancer, 59: 33-38.

  • Annamalai, J. and Namasivayam, V. 2015. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: Their effects on humans and wildlife. Environ. Int., 76C: 78-97.

  • Arrebola, J.P., Cuellar, M., Claure, E., Quevedo, M., Antelo, S.R., Mutch, E., Ramirez, E., Fernandez, M.F., Olea, N. and Mercado, L.A. 2012. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum and adipose tissue from Bolivia. Environ. Res., 112: 40-7.

  • Artacho-Cordón, F., Belhassen, H., Arrebola, J.P., Ghali, R., Amira, D., Jimenez-Diaz, I., Perez-Lobato, R., H, B., A, H. and Olea, N. 2015. Serum levels of persistent organic pollutants and predictors of exposure in Tunisian women. Sci. Total Environ., 511C: 530-534.

  • Basheer, C., Narasimhan, K., Yin, M., Zhao, C., Choolani, M. and Lee, H.K. 2008. Application of micro-solid-phase extraction for the determination of persistent organic pollutants in tissue samples. J. Chromatogr. A, 1186: 358-364.

  • Blumberg, P.B., Iguchi, P.T., Odermatt, P.A. and Muncke, J. 2011. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: An updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 127: 118-127.

  • Brody, J.G., Moysich, K.B., Humblet, O., Attfield, K.R., Beehler, G.P. and Rudel, R.A. 2007. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer: epidemiologic studies. Cancer, 109: 2667-711.

  • Brouwer, A., Longnecker, M.P., Birnbaum, L.S., Cogliano, J., Kostyniak, P., Moore, J., Schantz, S. and Winneke, G. 1999. Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs. Environ. Health Perspect., 107(Suppl. 4): 639.

  • Brouwers, M.M., Feitz, W.F.J., Roelofs, L.A.J., Kiemeney, L.A.L.M., de Gier, R.P.E. and Roeleveld, N. 2006. Hypospadias: a transgenerational effect of diethylstilbestrol? Hum. Reprod., 21(3): 666-669.

  • Campbell, C.G., Borglin, S.E., Green, F.B., Grayson, A., Wozei, E. and Stringfellow, W.T. 2006. Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water: A review. Chemosphere, 65: 1265-1280.

  • Carpenter, D.O. 2011. Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world. Rev. Environ. Health, 26.

  • Carr, P.W., Stoll, D.R. and Wang, X. 2011. Perspectives on recent advances in the speed of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 83: 1890-1900.

  • Chen, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., Toms, L. M.L., Gallen, M., Hearn, L., Aylward, L.L., McLachlan, M.S., Sly, P.D. and Mueller, J.F. 2014. Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples. Chemosphere, 118C: 309-314.

  • Chisvert, A., Leon-Gonzalez, Z., Tarazona, I., Salvador, A. and Giokas, D. 2012. An overview of the analytical methods for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in biological fluids and tissues. Anal. Chim. Acta, 752: 11-29.

  • Cohn, B.A., Wolff, M.S., Cirillo, P.M. and Sholtz, R.I. 2007. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. Environ. Health Perspect., 115: 1406-1414.

  • Corsolini, S., Ademollo, N., Romeo, T., Greco, S. and Focardi, S. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in edible fish: a human and environmental health problem. Microchem. J., 79: 115-123.

  • Cottingham, K. 2009. Proteomic effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. J. Proteome Res., 8: 5411.

  • Croes, K., Colles, A., Koppen, G., Govarts, E., Bruckers, L., Van de Mieroop, E., Nelen, V., Covaci, A., Dirtu, A.C., Thomsen, C., Haug, L.S., Becher, G., Mampaey, M., Schoeters, G., Van Larebeke, N. and Baeyens, W. 2012. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium). Chemosphere, 89: 988-94.

  • Davies, L. and Welch, H.G. 2006. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA, 295(18): 2164-2167.

  • Davis, D.L., Bradlow, H.L., Wolff, M., Woodruff, T., Hoel, D.G. and AntonCulver, H. 1993. Medical hypothesis: xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect., 101: 372-7.

  • Felix, T., Hall, B.J. and S. Brodbelt, J. 1998. Determination of benzophenone-3 and metabolites in water and human urine by solidphase microextraction and quadrupole ion trap GC-MS. Anal. Chim. Acta, 371: 195-203.

  • Flores-Ramirez, R., Ortiz-Perez, M.D., Batres-Esquivel, L., Castillo, C.G., Ilizaliturri-Hernandez, C.A. and Diaz-Barriga, F. 2014. Rapid analysis of persistent organic pollutants by solid phase microextraction in serum samples. Talanta, 123: 169-78.

  • Frank, M. 2000. Mass spectrometry with cryogenic detectors. Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip., 444: 375-384.

  • Gascon, M., Morales, E., Sunyer, J. and Vrijheid, M. 2013. Effects of persistent organic pollutants on the developing respiratory and immune systems: a systematic review. Environ. Int., 52: 51-65.

  • Gasull, M., Bosch de Basea, M., Puigdomènech, E., Pumarega, J. and Porta, M. 2011. Empirical analyses of the influence of diet on human concentrations of persistent organic pollutants: a systematic review of all studies conducted in Spain. Environ. Int., 37: 1226-35.

  • Grindler, N.M., Allsworth, J.E., Macones, G.A., Kannan, K., Roehl, K.A. and Cooper, A.R. 2015. Persistent organic pollutants and early menopause in U.S. women. PLoS One, 10: e0116057.

  • Haffner, D. and Schecter, A. 2014. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): A primer for practicing clinicians. Curr. Environ. Heal. Reports, 1: 123-131.

  • Hass, U., Boberg, J., Christiansen, S., Jacobsen, P.R., Vinggaard, A.M., Taxvig, C., Poulsen, M.E., Herrmann, S.S., Jensen, B.H., Petersen, A., Clemmensen, L.H. and Axelstad, M. 2012. Adverse effects on sexual development in rat offspring after low dose exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting pesticides. Reprod. Toxicol., 34: 261-74.

  • He, Y. and Lee, H.K. 1997. Liquid-phase microextraction in a single drop of organic solvent by using a conventional microsyringe. Anal. Chem., 69: 4634-4640.

  • Heinisch, S. and Rocca, J.L. 2009. Sense and nonsense of high-temperature liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1216: 642-658.

  • Helmlin, H.J., Bracher, K., Bourquin, D., Vonlanthen, D., Brenneisen, R. and Styk, J. 1996. Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolites in plasma and urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol., 20: 432-440. doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.432

  • Henley, D. V. and Korach, K.S. 2006. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to modulate endocrine system function. Endocrinology, 147: S25-32.

  • Jia, F., Cui, X., Wang, W., Delgado-Moreno, L. and Gan, J. 2012. Using disposable solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to determine the freely dissolved concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments. Environ. Pollut., 167: 34-40.

  • Jiang, X., Basheer, C., Zhang, J. and Lee, H.K. 2005. Dynamic hollow fibersupported headspace liquid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A, 1087: 289-294.

  • Jobling, S., Reynolds, T., White, R., Parker, M.G. and Sumpter, J.P. 1995. A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ. Health Perspect., 103: 582-7.

  • Jones, K.C., Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y.D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D.C.G. and Xiao, H. 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North American atmosphere. Environ. Pollut., 144: 434-444.

  • Judson, R., Richard, A., Dix, D.J., Houck, K., Martin, M., Kavlock, R., Dellarco, V., Henry, T., Holderman, T., Sayre, P., Tan, S., Carpenter, T. and Smith, E. 2009. The toxicity data landscape for environmental chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect., 117: 685-95.

  • Kang, K.S., Che, J.H., Ryu, D.Y., Kim, T.W., Li, G.X. and Lee, Y.S. 2002. Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). J. Vet. Med. Sci., 64: 227-35.

  • Kawaguchi, M., Ito, R., Honda, H., Endo, N., Okanouchi, N., Saito, K., Seto, Y. and Nakazawa, H. 2008. Measurement of benzophenones in human urine samples by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci., 24: 1509-1512.

  • Kawaguchi, M., Ito, R., Honda, H., Koganei, Y., Okanouchi, N., Saito, K., Seto, Y. and Nakazawa, H. 2009. Miniaturized hollow fiber assisted liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of benzophenone and derivates in human urine sample. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 877: 298-302.

  • Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B. and Buxton, H.T. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 1202-1211.

  • Lasserre, J.P., Fack, F., Serchi, T., Revets, D., Planchon, S., Renaut, J., Hoffmann, L., Gutleb, A.C., Muller, C.P. and Bohn, T. 2012. Atrazine and PCB 153 and their effects on the proteome of subcellular fractions of human MCF-7 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1824: 833-841.

  • Lee, D.H., Porta, M., Jacobs, D.R. and Vandenberg, L.N. 2014. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev., 35: 557-601.

  • Legido-Quigley, C., Marlin, N.D., Melin, V., Manz, A. and Smith, N.W. 2003. Advances in capillary electrochromatography and micro-high performance liquid chromatography monolithic columns for separation science. Electrophoresis, 24: 917-944.

  • Levy, S.B. 1998. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci. Am., 278: 4653.

  • Li, Q.Q., Loganath, A., Chong, Y.S., Tan, J. and Obbard, J.P. 2006. Persistent organic pollutants and adverse health effects in humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A, 69: 1987-2005.

  • Liu, K.C., Wu, R.S.S. and Ge, W. 2013. Luteinizing hormone receptor (lhcgr) as a marker gene for characterizing estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in zebrafish ovarian follicle cells. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 192: 89-94.

  • Liu, Z., Kanjo, Y. and Mizutani, S. 2009. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment-physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: A review. Sci. Total Environ., 407: 731-748.

  • Ma, R., Cotton, B., Lichtensteiger, W. and Schlumpf, M. 2003. UV filters with antagonistic action at androgen receptors in the MDA-KB2 cell transcriptional-activation assay. Toxicol. Sci., 74: 43-50.

  • Mantovani, A. 2002. Hazard identification and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals with regard to developmental effects. Toxicology, 181-182: 367-370.

  • McDonald, T.A. 2005. Polybrominated diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 1: 343-354.

  • Muncke, J. 2009. Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: Is packaging a relevant source? Sci. Total Environ., 407: 4549-4559.

  • Okereke, C.S., Abdel-Rhaman, M.S. and Friedman, M.A. 1994. Disposition of benzophenone-3 after dermal administration in male rats. Toxicol. Lett., 73: 113-122.

  • Pauwels, A., Covaci, A., Weyler, J., Delbeke, L., Dhont, M., De Sutter, P., D’Hooghe, T. and Schepens, P.J. 2000. Comparison of persistent organic pollutant residues in serum and adipose tissue in a female population in Belgium, 1996-1998. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39: 265-270.

  • Pedersen, K.E., Styrishave, B., Sonne, C., Dietz, R. and Jenssen, B.M. 2015. Accumulation and potential health effects of organohalogenated compounds in the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)-a review. Sci. Total Environ., 502: 510-516.

  • Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. and Rasmussen, K.E. 2008. Liquid-phase microextraction with porous hollow fibers, a miniaturized and highly flexible format for liquid-liquid extraction. J. Chromatogr. A, 1184: 132-142.

  • Pestana, D., Faria, G., Sa, C., Fernandes, V.C., Teixeira, D., Norberto, S., Faria, A., Meireles, M., Marques, C., Correia-Sa, L., Cunha, A., Guimaraes, J.T., Taveira-Gomes, A., Santos, A.C., Domingues, V.F., Delerue-Matos, C., Monteiro, R. and Calhau, C. 2014. Persistent organic pollutant levels in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese individuals-depot differences and dysmetabolism implications. Environ. Res., 133: 170-177.

  • Petro, E.M.L., Leroy, J.L.M.R., Van Cruchten, S.J.M., Covaci, A., Jorssen, E.P.A. and Bols, P.E.J. 2012. Endocrine disruptors and female fertility: focus on (bovine) ovarian follicular physiology. Theriogenology, 78: 1887-900.

  • Petrovic, M., Eljarrat, E., Lopez De Alda, M.J. and Barceló, D. 2004. Endocrine disrupting compounds and other emerging contaminants in the environment: a survey on new monitoring strategies and occurrence data. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378: 549-62.

  • Petroviæ, M., Eljarrat, E., Lopez de Alda, M.J. and Barceló, D. 2001. Analysis and environmental levels of endocrine-disrupting compounds in freshwater sediments. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 20: 637-648.

  • Plotan, M., Frizzell, C., Robinson, V., Elliott, C.T. and Connolly, L. 2013. Endocrine disruptor activity in bottled mineral and flavoured water. Food Chem., 136: 1590-1596.

  • Rasmussen, K.E. and Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. 2004. Developments in hollow fibre-based, liquid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 23: 1-10.

  • Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Milani Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F. and Berijani, S. 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A, 1116, 1-9.

  • Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y. and Faraji, M. 2010. Evolution of dispersive liquidliquid microextraction method. J. Chromatogr. A, 1217: 2342-57.

  • Rochester, J.R. 2013. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod. Toxicol., 42: 132-155.

  • Rudel, R.A. and Perovich, L.J. 2009. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Atmos. Environ., 43(1): 170-181.

  • S.M. Borman, P.J. Christian, I.G. Sipes, P.B.H. 2000. Ovotoxicity in female Fischer rats and B6 mice induced by low-dose exposure to three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: comparison through calculation of an ovotoxic index. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 191-198.

  • Safe, S., Astroff, B., Harris, M., Zacharewski, T., Dickerson, R., Romkes, M. and Biegel, L. 1991. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds as antioestrogens: characterization and mechanism of action. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 69: 400-409.

  • Sajid, M. and Basheer, C. 2016. Layered double hydroxides: Emerging sorbent materials for analytical extractions. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem., 75: 174-182.

  • Sajid, M., Basheer, C., Alsharaa, A., Narasimhan, K., Buhmeida, A., Al Qahtani, M. and Al-Ahwal, M.S. 2016. Development of natural sorbent based micro-solid-phase extraction for determination of phthalate esters in milk samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 924: 35-44.

  • Sajid, M., Basheer, C., Narasimhan, K., Choolani, M. and Lee, H.K. 2015a. Application of microwave-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction for determination of parabens in human ovarian cancer tissues. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 1000: 192-198.

  • Sajid, M., Kawde, A.N. and Daud, M. 2015b. Designs, formats and applications of lateral flow assay: A literature review. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 19: 689-705.

  • Sarafraz-Yazdi, A. and Amiri, A. 2010. Liquid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 29: 1-14.

  • Saseendran, S. 2014. Hope for Kerala's endosulfan victims from UAE. (www Document). Khaleej Times. URL http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/inside.asp?xfile=/data/community/2014/October/community_October2.xml&section=community (accessed 12.14.14).

  • Schiliro, T., Porfido, A., Longo, A., Coluccia, S. and Gilli, G. 2013. The Escreen test and the MELN gene-reporter assay used for determination of estrogenic activity in fruits and vegetables in relation to pesticide residues. Food Chem. Toxicol., 62: 82-90.

  • Schlumpf, M., Cotton, B., Conscience, M., Haller, V., Steinmann, B. and Lichtensteiger, W. 2001. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ. Health Perspect., 109: 239-244.

  • Schug, T.T., Janesick, A., Blumberg, B. and Heindel, J.J. 2011. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 127: 204-215.

  • Sharpe, R.M. and Skakkebaek, N.E. 1993. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet, 341: 1392-1395.

  • Shen, G. and Lee, H.K. 2002. Hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction of triazine herbicides. Anal. Chem., 74: 648-654.

  • Sonnenschein, C. and Soto, A.M. 1998. An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J. Steroid Biochem.Mol. Biol., 65: 143-150.

  • Sosa-ferrera, Z., Mahugo-santana, C. and Santana-rodriguez, J.J. 2013. Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Environmental Samples.

  • Soto, A.M. and Sonnenschein, C. 2010. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 6: 363-70.

  • Tang, H.P. 2013. Recent development in analysis of persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 45: 48-66.

  • Ternes, T., Stumpf, M., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R.-D., Servos, M., 1999. Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants-I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Sci. Total Environ., 225: 81-90.

  • Thongprakaisang, S., Thiantanawat, A., Rangkadilok, N., Suriyo, T. and Satayavivad, J. 2013. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Food Chem. Toxicol., 59: 129-36.

  • Tijani, J.O., Fatoba, O.O. and Petrik, L.F. 2013. A Review of pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds: sources, effects, removal, and detections. Water Air Soil Pollut., 224: 1770.

  • Turyk, M., Anderson, H., Knobeloch, L., Imm, P. and Persky, V. 2009. Organochlorine exposure and incidence of diabetes in a cohort of Great Lakes sport fish consumers. Environ. Health Perspect., 117: 1076-1082.

  • Villar-Navarro, M., Ramos-Payan, M., Fernandez-Torres, R., CallejónMochón, M. and Bello-López, M.a. 2013. A novel application of three phase hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the HPLC determination of two endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), n-octylphenol and n-nonylphenol, in environmental waters. Sci. Total Environ., 443: 1-6.

  • Wens, B., De Boever, P., Verbeke, M., Hollanders, K. and Schoeters, G. 2013. Cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells alter their gene expression when challenged with endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Toxicology, 303: 17-24.

  • Xu, W., Wang, X. and Cai, Z. 2013. Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm convention: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta, 790: 1-13.

  • Yi, B., Kim, C. and Yang, M. 2010. Biological monitoring of bisphenol A with HLPC/FLD and LC/MS/MS assays. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 878: 2606-2610.

  • Zacharis, C.K., Rotsias, I., Zachariadis, P.G. and Zotos, A. 2012. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of organ-ochlorine pesticides residues in honey by gas chromatography-electron capture and ion trap mass spectrometric detection. Food Chem., 134: 1665-72.


Abstract Views: 209

PDF Views: 1




  • Persistent and Endocrine Disrupting Organic Pollutants: Advancements and Challenges in Analysis, Health Concerns and Clinical Correlates

Abstract Views: 209  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

Muhammad Sajid
Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
Chanbasha Basheer
Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
Kothandaraman Narasimhan
Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
Abdelbaset Buhmeida
Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Al Qahtani
Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mahmoud Shaheen Al-Ahwal
Center for Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

Abstract


Persistent and endocrine disrupting organic pollutants pose serious health risks to humans and wildlife due to their long half-lives, bioaccumulation and toxicity. These compounds have a negative impact on human health and induce a variety of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic disorders. Extremely low concentrations of these compounds can induce adverse health effects in human. Efficient analytical methods are always demanded in order to extract and determine such low concentrations in environmental and biological samples. In the last decade, studies mostly focused on profiling and identification of persistent and endocrine disrupting pollutants in tissues and body fluids using various analytical methods. However, investigation of trace level pollutants associated with various disorders requires complex analytical protocols. Biological matrix presents serious challenges in the extraction of these pollutants mainly because of its complexity and inherent limitations of extraction procedures. We outline advantages and pitfalls of recent extraction approaches. Analysis of these compounds is carried out by using gas and liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors. We have reviewed the current status of advancements in the area of analytical chromatography and accomplishments and weaknesses have been pointed out. At the end, we encapsulate some health effects and clinical correlates of persistent and endocrine disrupting organic pollutants.

Keywords


Persistent Organic Pollutants, Endocrine Disrupting, Compounds Micro Extraction, Biological Matrix, Health Effects.

References