Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Primary School Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and Anxiety: A Case Control Study


Affiliations
1 Department of Physiotherapy, Krupanidhi College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., India
 

Background: The severity of DCD and association of anxiety among school children in Bengaluru is unknown. Objective: To find the prevalence of DCD and the association between DCD and anxiety. Method: After getting the clearance from ethical committee, 300 school children were interviewed, out of which 208 were included for the study based on the inclusion criteria by using convenience sampling technique. The DCD questionnaire was used to find the probability of DCD and the SCAS assessed symptoms of anxiety among school children correspondingly. Descriptive Statistics, Chi- Square and Odd ratio was used to find the significance of the study using SPSS software. Results: out of 208 students 115 were in case group, and 93 in control group. The prevalence of DCD was 55%. A significant difference between the DCD case and control groups was identified using the chi square test score with χ2 = 208.00, (p < 0.05), and the difference between the case and control group of anxiety score with χ2 = 208.00, (p < 0.05). The relative risk for the DCD group is 0.87/0.84 = 1.03, showing that children exposed to DCD have a 13% higher risk of developing DCD than students who are not exposed. The relative risk for anxiety group is therefore 0.95/0.9 = 1.04, showing that anxiety is around 5% more probable to affect individuals who have experienced it. Conclusion: From the survey it is found that children in Bangalore are susceptible to anxiousness. The presence of developmental coordination is impacted by higher frequency of anxiety symptoms reported in school children 8 to 11 years than children who are growing normally .

Keywords

Anxiety, DCD, SCAS, School Children
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Pratt ML, Hill EL. Anxiety profiles in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2011 Jul 1; 32(4):1253-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.02.006

  • Chen HF, Cohn ES. Social participation for children with developmental coordination disorder: conceptual, evaluation and intervention considerations. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2003; 23(4):61-78. https://doi.org/10.1300/ J006v23n04_05

  • Kaufman LB, Schilling DL. Implementation of a strength training program for a 5-year-old child with poor body awareness and developmental coordination disorder. Physical Therapy. 2007 Apr 1; 87(4):455-67. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060170

  • Barnhart RC, Davenport MJ, Epps SB, Norquist VM. Developmental coordination disorder. Physical Therapy. 2003 Aug 1; 83(8):722-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/83.8.722

  • Gabbard C, Cacola P, Bobbio TG. Studying motor development: A biological and environmental perspective. Nova Science Publishers; 2009. p.129-139.

  • Biotteau M, Danna J, Baudou E, Puyjarinet F, Velay JL, Albaret JM, Chaix Y. Developmental coordination disorder and dysgraphia: Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2019; 15:1873. https:// doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S120514

  • Gibbs J, Appleton J, Appleton R. Dyspraxia, or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2007 Jun 1; 92(6):534-9. https://doi. org/10.1136/adc.2005.088054

  • Kaufman LB, Schilling DL. Implementation of a strength training program for a 5-year-old child with poor body awareness and developmental coordination disorder. Physical Therapy. 2007 Apr 1; 87(4):455-67. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060170

  • Geuze RH, Jongmans MJ, Schoemaker MM, Smits-Engelsman BC. Clinical and research diagnostic criteria for developmental coordination disorder: a review and discussion. Human Movement Science. 2001 Mar 1; 20(1-2):7-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00027-6

  • Cacola P, Romero M, Ibana M, Chuang J. Effects of two distinct group motor skill interventions in psychological and motor skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: a pilot study. Disability and Health Journal. 2016 Jan 1; 9(1):172-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.007

  • Parr JV, Foster RJ, Wood G, Hollands MA. Children with developmental coordination disorder exhibit greater stepping error despite similar gaze patterns and state anxiety levels to their typically developing peers. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2020 Jul 28; 14:303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00303

  • Smits-Engelsman B, Vincon S, Blank R, Quadrado VH, Polatajko H, Wilson PH. Evaluating the evidence for motor-based interventions in developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2018 Mar 1; 74:72-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

  • ridd.2018.01.002

  • Cairney J, Hay JA, Faught BE, Wade TJ, Corna L, Flouris A. Developmental coordination disorder, generalized self-efficacy toward physical activity, and participation in organized and free play activities. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2005 Oct 1; 147(4):51520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.05.013

  • Parr JV, Foster RJ, Wood G, Thomas NM, Hollands MA. Children with developmental coordination disorder show altered visuomotor control during stair negotiation associated with heightened state anxiety. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2020 Nov 27; 14:512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.589502

  • Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylett A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2009 Jan 1; 29(2):182-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942630902784761

  • Skinner RA, Piek JP. Psychosocial implications of poor motor coordination in children and adolescents. Human Movement Science. 2001 Mar 1; 20(1-2):73-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-9457(01)00029-X

  • Armstrong D. Examining the evidence for interventions with children with developmental coordination disorder. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2012 Dec; 75(12):532-40 https://doi.org/10.4276/030802212X13548955545413

  • Draghi TT, Cavalcante JL, Rohr LA, Jelsma LD, Tudella E.Symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria. 2020 Mar 2; 96:08-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.03.002

  • Wilson BN. The developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07). MSc, OT(C) and SG Crawford, MSc Calgary, Alberta, Canada Wilson; 2012 Mar.

  • Polatajko HJ, Macnab JJ, Ansett B, Malloy‐Miller T, Murphy K, Noh S. A clinical trial of the process‐oriented treatment approach for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1995 Apr; 37(4):310-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12009.x

  • Motricidade conducted a quantitative. and cross-Sectional study on developmental Coordination Disorder signs in children 5 to 14 years in Sao Carlos the study found a prevalence of probable DCD of 30%. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-8133.

  • Hadders-Algra M. Developmental coordination disorder: is clumsy motor behavior caused by a lesion of the brain at early age? Neural Plasticity. 2003 Jan 1; 10(1-2):39-50. https://doi.org/10.1155/NP.2003.39

  • Willoughby C, Polatajko HJ. Motor problems in children with developmental coordination disorder: Review of the literature. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1995 Sep 1; 49(8):787-94. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.49.8.787

  • Polatajko HJ, Cantin N. Developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia): An overview of the state of the art. In Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 2005 Dec 1; 12(4):250-258. WB Saunders.

  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2005.12.007

  • Missiuna C, Rivard L, Bartlett D. Exploring assessment tools and the target of intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2006 Jan 1; 26(1-2):71-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v26n01_06

  • Revie G, Larkin D. Task-specific intervention with children reduces movement problems. Adapted physical activity quarterly. 1993 Jan 1; 10(1):29-41. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.10.1.29

  • Chen HF, Cohn ES. Social participation for children with developmental coordination disorder: conceptual, evaluation and intervention considerations. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2003 Jan 1; 23(4):61-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v23n04_05

  • Dewey D, Cantrell M, Crawford SG. Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2007 Mar;13(2):246-56. https://doi. org/10.1017/S1355617707070270

  • American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2013. https://doi. org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

  • Zwicker JG, Soto M, Harris SR, Pliskova N, Missiuna C. Developmental coordination disorder is more than a motor problem: Children describe the impact of daily struggles on their quality of life. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2018;81(2):65-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022617735046

  • Grant, R., Noyce, M. Proposed changes to the american psychiatric association diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder: Implications for young children and their families. Mateen Child

  • Health J. 2013; 17:586-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1250-9 .


Abstract Views: 88

PDF Views: 61




  • Primary School Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and Anxiety: A Case Control Study

Abstract Views: 88  |  PDF Views: 61

Authors

Rachana
Department of Physiotherapy, Krupanidhi College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., India
Sudhakar Subramanian
Department of Physiotherapy, Krupanidhi College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., India

Abstract


Background: The severity of DCD and association of anxiety among school children in Bengaluru is unknown. Objective: To find the prevalence of DCD and the association between DCD and anxiety. Method: After getting the clearance from ethical committee, 300 school children were interviewed, out of which 208 were included for the study based on the inclusion criteria by using convenience sampling technique. The DCD questionnaire was used to find the probability of DCD and the SCAS assessed symptoms of anxiety among school children correspondingly. Descriptive Statistics, Chi- Square and Odd ratio was used to find the significance of the study using SPSS software. Results: out of 208 students 115 were in case group, and 93 in control group. The prevalence of DCD was 55%. A significant difference between the DCD case and control groups was identified using the chi square test score with χ2 = 208.00, (p < 0.05), and the difference between the case and control group of anxiety score with χ2 = 208.00, (p < 0.05). The relative risk for the DCD group is 0.87/0.84 = 1.03, showing that children exposed to DCD have a 13% higher risk of developing DCD than students who are not exposed. The relative risk for anxiety group is therefore 0.95/0.9 = 1.04, showing that anxiety is around 5% more probable to affect individuals who have experienced it. Conclusion: From the survey it is found that children in Bangalore are susceptible to anxiousness. The presence of developmental coordination is impacted by higher frequency of anxiety symptoms reported in school children 8 to 11 years than children who are growing normally .

Keywords


Anxiety, DCD, SCAS, School Children

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh%2F2022%2F31965