International Journal of Medical Sciences

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

An Apple a Day Keeps Parkinsonism Away


Affiliations
1 Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana), India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, shuffling gait and hypokinesia. Deficiency of Dopamine in substantia nigra pars compacta is the main cause of the disease. Bromocriptine can be used as an alternate to levodopa because this drug is a direct agonist of striatal dopamine receptors. Therefore, in the present study Bromocriptine served as a standard drug. The main phytoconstituents of Apple fruit are vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, flavanoids and phenolic compounds such as polyphenol oxidase. Niacin is also reported to improve cognitive as well as motor function by stimulating the production of neurotransmitters. Therefore, anti-parkinsonian potential of Apple juice was investigated in the present study. Apple juice (0.5 ml and 1ml/100g p.o.) reduced the severity of tremors evoked by oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg, i. p.). Apple juice diminished rigidity induced by Reserpine and restored the mobility impaired by Reserpine (5mg/ kg, i. p.) in rodents. Apple juice appears to produce its anti-parkinsonian activity mediated via enhanced dopamine and nor-epinephrine synthesis, increased cereberal blood flow through stimulation of NO production, antioxidant activity and neuroprotective action.

Keywords

Abnormal Posture, Hypokinesia, Parkinsonism, Apple, Rigidity.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Arts, I.C., Hollman, P.C., Bueno De Mesquita, H.B., Feskens, E.J. and Kromhout, D. (2001).Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Internat. J. Cancer, 92 (2) : 298-302.

  • Bagewadi, H.G. and Khan A.K.A.(2015). Evaluation of antiparkinsonian activity of Elaeocarpus ganitrus on haloperidol induced Parkinson’s disease in mice. Internat J. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol., 4 (1): 102-106.

  • Cookson, M.R. and Shaw, P.J. (1999) Oxidative stress and motor neurone disease. Brain Pathol., 9(1):165-186.

  • Dauer, W. and Przedborski, S. (2003) Parkinson’s Disease: Review mechanisms and models. Neuron., 39 (6): 889–909.

  • Eberhardt, M., Lee, C. and Liu, R.H. (2000). Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature, 405:903-904.

  • Fu, L., Doreswamy, V. and Ravi Prakash, M. D.(2014). The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency. Neural Regen Res., 9(16): 1509–1513.

  • Goldstein, J. M., Barnett, A. and Malick, J. B. (1975). The evaluation of anti-parkinson drugs on reserpine-induced rigidity in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 33(1): 183-188.

  • Guilarte, T.R. (1989). Effect of vitamin B-6 nutrition on the levels of dopamine, dopamine metabolites, dopa decarboxylase activity, tyrosine, and GABA in the developing rat corpus striatum. Neurochem Res., 14(6): 571-578.

  • Johnels, B. (1983). Reserpine-induced rigidity in rats: drug effects on muscle tone from corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 19(3): 463-470.

  • Knekt, P., Isotupa, S., Rissanen, H., Heliovaara, M., Jarvinen, R., Hakkinen, R., Aromaa, A. and Reunanen, A. (2000). Quercetin intake and the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr., 54 (5) : 415-417.

  • Knekt, P., Kumpulainen, J., Jarvinen, R., Rissanen, H., Heliovaara, M., Reunanen, A., Hakulinen, T. and Aromaa, A. (2002) Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76 (3): 560-568.

  • Mark, G.P., Kinney, A.E., Grubb, M.C., Zhu, X., Finn, D.A., Mader, S.L., Berger, S.P. and Bechtholt, A.J. (2006). Injection of Oxotremorine in Nucleus Accumbens Shell Reduces Cocaine But Not Food Self-Administration in Rats Gregory. Brain Res.,1123 (1): 51–59.

  • Moss, D.E., McMaster, S.B. and Rogers, J. (1981). Tetrahydrocannabinol potentiates reserpine-induced hypokinesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav., 15 (5) : 779-783.

  • Nagarjuna, S., Arifullah, M., Kumar, A.S., Srinath, B., Reddy, K. S. and Reddy, Y.P. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant and antiparkinsonian activities of Brassica oleracea in haloperidolinduced tardive dyskinesia. Internat. J. Green. Pharm., 9:143149.

  • Pal, S. and Kumar, S. (2015). Evaluation of anti-Parkinson’s activity of Uncaria rhynchophylla in 6-hydroxy dopamine lesioned rat model. Internat. J. Appl. Res., 1(6): 203-206.

  • Parle, M. and Rakha, P. (2018). Anti-Parkinsonian Effect of Aloe Vera Juice in Rodents. Asian J. Bio Sci., 13(1): 39-43.

  • Parle, M. and Rakha, P. (2018). Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Presentation And Management. Internat. Res. J. Pharm.,9 (2) : 7-11.

  • Shaheen, S., Sterne, J., Thompson, R., Songhurst, C., Margetts, B. and Buerney, P. (2001). Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population based case-control study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 164 (10):1823-1828.

  • Shiozaki, S., Ichikawa, S., Nakamura, J., Kitamura, S., Yamada, K. and Kuwana, Y. (1999) A. ctions of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist KW-6002 on drug-induced catalepsy and hypokinesia caused by reserpine or MPTP. Psychopharmacology (Berl)., 147 (1):90–95.

  • Swerdlow, R.H.(1998). Is NADH effective in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? Drugs Aging., 13(4): 263-268.

  • Ying, W. (2007). NAD+ and NADH in neuronal death. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2 (3) : 270-275.


Abstract Views: 485

PDF Views: 0




  • An Apple a Day Keeps Parkinsonism Away

Abstract Views: 485  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Milind Parle
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana), India
Pankaj Rakha
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana), India

Abstract


Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, shuffling gait and hypokinesia. Deficiency of Dopamine in substantia nigra pars compacta is the main cause of the disease. Bromocriptine can be used as an alternate to levodopa because this drug is a direct agonist of striatal dopamine receptors. Therefore, in the present study Bromocriptine served as a standard drug. The main phytoconstituents of Apple fruit are vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, flavanoids and phenolic compounds such as polyphenol oxidase. Niacin is also reported to improve cognitive as well as motor function by stimulating the production of neurotransmitters. Therefore, anti-parkinsonian potential of Apple juice was investigated in the present study. Apple juice (0.5 ml and 1ml/100g p.o.) reduced the severity of tremors evoked by oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg, i. p.). Apple juice diminished rigidity induced by Reserpine and restored the mobility impaired by Reserpine (5mg/ kg, i. p.) in rodents. Apple juice appears to produce its anti-parkinsonian activity mediated via enhanced dopamine and nor-epinephrine synthesis, increased cereberal blood flow through stimulation of NO production, antioxidant activity and neuroprotective action.

Keywords


Abnormal Posture, Hypokinesia, Parkinsonism, Apple, Rigidity.

References