International Journal of Innovative Research and Development

Abstract

Participation takes place when management and employees are jointly involved in making decisions on matters of mutual interest where the aim is to produce solutions to the problems which will benefit all concerned.  Participation does not mean that the parties subordinate their own interests entirely, but that they aim at achieving objectives which are not in fundamental conflict with those of the other party and which can therefore be integrated to some degree.  It is akin to integrate bargaining in which the parties find common or complementary interests and solve problems confronting both of them.

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Abstract

Plans give the organization, its objectives and set up the best procedure for reaching them.  Plans become the guides by which (1) the organisation obtains and commits the resources required to reach its objectives, (2) members of the organisation carry on activities consistent with the chosen objectives and procedures, and (3) progress toward the objectives is monitored and measured so that corrective action is taken if progress is unsatisfactory.  The first step in planning is the selection of goals for the organisation.  Objectives are established for the sub units of the organisation, its divisions, and departments and so on.  Once the objectives are determined, programmes are established for achieving them in a systematic manner.  In selecting objectives and developing programmes, the manager considers their feasibility and whether they will be acceptable to the organisation’s managers and employees.

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Training is the systematic modification of behaviour through learning which occurs as a result of education, instruction, development and planned experience. Learning has been defined by Bass and Vaughan (1998) as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice or experience. Training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behaviour through learning to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose in the work situation is to develop the abilities of the individual and to satisfy the current and future manpower needs of the organisation.

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