International Journal of Innovative Research and Development

Brijendra Singh , Dr. Ritu Singh

Abstract

We know that when the mouth is closed or slightly open the head of the mandible lies in the articular fossa. In this position anatomically joint is stable and a blow on the chin causes fracture of the mandible rather than its dislocation. Posterior dislocation is also prevented by the strong lateral temporomandibular ligament. When the mouth is opened wide the head of mandible moves forwards and comes to lie just below the articular tubercle. This is the position in which Temporomandibular joint is highly unstable .A blow on the chin or even sudden opening of the mouth as in yawning can cause the head of the mandible to slip forward to the front of the articular tubercle. Once the joint is thus dislocated the mouth cannot be closed and this is known as locking of jaw in open condition. To reduce this dislocation the surgeon inserts both his thumbs into the mouth and exerts downward pressure on the lower molar teeth, simultaneously the mandible is pressed backwards. Generally this happens after an injury and leads to painful jaw movements along with clicking sounds during opening and closing of mouth. Temporomandibular Joints are foundations for dentistry, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. If Temporomandibular Joints are not stable and healthy, there will be problem related to stability, occlusion, function and pain . 

As we open the jaws, the condoyle normally comes forward, the fascia and the disc moves forward with it because it is attached to the ligament that is attached to the back the condyle, around the front and all along the sides. It secures the disc to the condyle. The most common thing we see in the Temporomandibular Joints problem is the disc slipping anteriorly, posterior, backward or laterally. But the most common shifting is in the anterior direction. Here we see the disc fold a little bit which cause pain because the patient is pressing on the bilaminal tissue in the centre but there is no pain or inflammation as there are no blood vessels. This may not make any noise because the mandible is already in contact with the bad part of the disc and may not make it forward to make noise so this is a silent joint but a displaced disc. The other is little more involved, here condyle and the articular disc is little bit forward which does not click and pop when this patient open because the condyle will come over the back end of the disc, if it does not click and pop and is stuck behind here, then it is called a closed lock. It gets trapped behind that disc and the patient can’t open his/her mouth very wide. In another case the disc is anteriorly displaced out in front. On opening the condyle comes forward but the disc remains anteriorly displaced. This is an anteriorly displaced disc without reduction. In this there may or may not be pain, it won’t make any noise. We see this in a number of disease entities.

 

Keywords

Temporo-mandibular Joint, Anatomy, Arthritis, Lock Jaw, Ankylosis, Luxation, Treatment

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Brijendra Singh , Renu Gupta , Rajneesh Garg

Abstract

As the science develops new innovations as well as new products come for the comfort and help of mankind to lesser physical and mental labor and input efforts for a particular task. One of the good examples is calculator and other is mobile phone, they help us to this extent that somehow we become dependent on both of them and to a larger extent on mobile phones. Today this is difficult to think a life without a mobile phone because this is not only a phone but also a calculator, camera, computer, email, store house of information, play station and a lovely music system too. These reasons are enough compelling to have and use mobile phones in our day to day life for any gender or age. This usage of mobile phone is increasing day by day in numbers as well as in per hour per person usage too. This too much or unusual use or unsafe usage has become some sort of psychological and physical dependence to an extent of addiction lending in behavioral changes. This is dual sword. As a good citizen, we are in a position to analyze whether the science and technology like mobile is doing good to human beings or it harms if, so on what cost? mobile is lifeline in hands of health care professionals, aa need in emergency to anyone, plumber,electrician, laundry, food and catering services all are just a phone call away but misuses are also many like small time to big time thieves, terrorists, match fixing, MMS scandals, ransoms, crimes etc. Anything of too much becomes a nuisance, mobile phones are helpful or do much harm in terms of studies, concentration, focus, behavior and dependency? is the purpose of this survey and analysis in MBBS medical students.

Keywords

Mobile Phone, Use, Misuse, Behavior, Medical Students, Dependency

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Brijendra Singh , Renu Gupta , Rajneesh Garg

Abstract

Anotia is a condition when ears are completely absent while microtia is a congenital anomaly of the face in which ear are malformed since birth that ranges in severity from mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear and its parts. It occurs as an isolated birth defect or as a part of spectrum of anomalies or a syndrome. This may happen as a part of first branchial arch syndrome or in isolation too. The prevalence is considered to be higher in Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and Andeans. The etiology of microtia and the causes of this congenital anomaly is still not clearly defined or explained till now; there is wide variability in prevalence that too is poorly understood. Strong evidence supports the role of environmental and genetic causes for microtia. In this paper we tried to review current knowledge of the epidemiology and genetics of microtia, including potential candidate genes supported by evidence from human syndromes and animal models. Because our findings are entirely different about its hereditical and bilateral involvement makes this case a rare and special.

Keywords

Microtia, Anotia, Congenital Defect, Hereditary, Ear Deformity

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