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During September through November 2016, some 100 children died due to acute brain disease in Malkangiri district, southern Odisha, India. Most deaths were at first attributed to Japanese encephalitis (JE) due to the following reasons: JE had been reported in Malkangiri district in previous years and diagnostic test for JE was positive in a few children in 2016; JE season is September through November; the vector mosquitoes and amplifying hosts, namely pigs, are prevalent in Malkangiri district. However, a number of cases turned out negative for JE test. Therefore, in the last week of October, the Department of Health, Government of Odisha, constituted a team to investigate the cases of non-JE acute brain disease with high mortality.
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