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Shekhar, Chandra
- Salmonellosis with Special Reference to Epidemiology and Management
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Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.), IN
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.), IN
Source
The Asian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 9, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 97-105Abstract
Salmonellosis is an important emerging food-borne zoonotic disease. Millions of human cases are reported world-wide every year and the disease results in thousands of deaths. It is caused by various Salmonella serovars. Salmonellae are transmitted to humans mainly through meat, egg and poultry products. Many serovars of Salmonella has been recovered from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, camel, pig, dog, cat, poultry, wild animals, birds and poikilotherms. Poultry and pigs are the main reservoirs of Salmonella organism. Among all the serovars of Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhimurium is most commonly associated with enteric infections in man and animals. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are now encountered frequently and the rates of multidrug resistance have increased considerably in recent years. Patients infected with MDR strains are at greater risk of bacteremia, hospitalization, and death compared to patients infected with susceptible strains. Vaccination and treatment in man and animals, implementation of HACCP system, adequate heat treatment of foods of animal origin, prevention of recontamination of processed foods and personal hygiene may be effective measures in the prevention and control of Salmonellosis in man and animals.Keywords
Salmonella serovars, Epidemiology, Foods of Animal Origin, Antibiotic Resistance.
- Challenges of Emerging and Re-Emerging Salmonellosis
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), IN
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), IN
Source
The Asian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 15, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 25-32Abstract
Salmonellosis is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by various Salmonella serovars. It is one of the most common and economically important foodborne zoonotic diseases in humans. Millions of human cases of salmonellosis are reported worldwide every year resulting into thousands of deaths. Infection in food animals may lead to contamination of milk, meat and eggs, and their products. The population of highly susceptible persons is expanding worldwide. There are various risk factors like occupation, age, health status, immune status, medication and infection with MDR Salmonella strains that may increase the incidence of salmonellosis and its severity in animals and humans. There are various factors like season, housing, hygienic conditions, population density, deprivation of food, stress, intensive husbandry system and contaminated pastures that influence the occurrence of salmonellosis. Factors like environmental changes, changes in human demographics and behaviour, changes in consumer lifestyle, microbial adaptation and change, technological changes and industrialization, economic development and land use, breakdown of host’s defenses, breakdown of public health measures and international travel and trade contribute to emergence and re-emergence of salmonellosis worldwide. Salmonella infections in animals and humans can be prevented and controlled by adopting strict hygienic measures, proper treatment and disposal of sewage, regular disinfection of water, health education of public, avoiding handling and preparation of foods by infected individuals and carriers in any food production and processing establishments, adequate heat treatment of foods, avoiding contacts with animals and human reservoirs and carriers, vaccination (against typhoid and paratyphoid fever), treatment of infected individuals, continuous epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella in both animals and humans and international reporting of Salmonella outbreaks.Keywords
Salmonella, Salmonellosis, Prevalence, Emerging, Re-Emerging.References
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- Antimicrobial Resistance:A Global Public Health and Economic Concern
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), IN
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), IN
Source
The Asian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 15, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 33-38Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global concern that is present in every country. Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria increases the risk of clinical outcomes and death of patients and consume more health-care resources.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increases the cost of health care, long time period stays in hospitals and requirement of more intensive care. The success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised without effective antimicrobials.The cost of health care for patients with resistant infections is higher due to longer duration of illness, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes. However, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials accelerates this process. In many places, antibiotics are overused and misused in animals and humans and often given without professional supervision. Other factors that encourage the spread of antimicrobial resistance include inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food-handling and poor infection control. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including multidrug resistance (MDR), is on the rise among many micro-organisms in healthcare facilities as well as in community. Antimicrobial resistance in infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed a significant impact on health and economic burden across the world. AMR is an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society. The measures can limit the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance include hygiene and sanitation, vaccination, sustainable animal husbandry practices, health education, epidemiological surveillance and research, national action plan, optimization of use of antimicrobials, development of the economic case for sustainable investment, judicious use of antimicrobials and co-operation of international organizations/agencies.Keywords
Antimicrobial, Resistance, Impact, Prevention, Control.References
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