Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Year
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Krishnamurthy, R.
- Evaluation of Mutagenic Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Couroupita guianensis using Salmonella typhimurium Tester Strains
Abstract Views :296 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Rajendra M. Nagane
1,
Karishma R. Desai
1,
Indrajitsinh M. Barad
1,
Manish V. Patel
1,
Urjita V. Sheth
2,
Kathirvelu Baskar
3,
Bindi S. Patel
1,
Diwakar K. Shukla
1,
R. Krishnamurthy
4
Affiliations
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
2 C. G.Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
4 C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
2 C. G.Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
4 C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 28, No 3 (2021), Pagination: 255-265Abstract
India has a golden resource and well-recorded traditionally practised incomparable awareness of herbal medicine. Not all herbals are considered safe as minimal data is available concerning the safety of Couroupita guianensis to cause mutations. Considering the enormous therapeutic potential and the absence of specific safety data, we planned this research to provide data on the mutagenic potential of Couroupita guianensis. Therefore, the present study was conducted with ethanolic extract of leaves of Couroupita guianensis using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1537, TA1535, TA98, TA100, and TA102 at different concentrations (viz., 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 μg/plate) along with the negative control and respective positive controls. The methodology followed was the standard plate incorporation method as per the internationally approved OECD TG 471 guidelines. The study was performed with and without S9 mix using the plate incorporation method. Results were evaluated after meeting the acceptance criteria for the study. The extracts did not show mutagenicity when compared to the negative control (spontaneous mutation) and respective positive controls. There was no concentration-response increase of revertant colonies in treatments from any strain. This is the first of its kind of research having been conducted following all the internationally set guidelines and evidenced the safety of the plant material. Therefore, it is concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of Couroupita guianensis did not show mutagenic potential in bacterial reverse mutation test with and without S9 mix.Keywords
Reverse Mutation, Bacteria Strains, Couroupita guianensis.References
- Idu M, Onyibe HI, Timothy O, Erhabor JO. Ethnomedicinal flora of Otuo people of Edo State, Nigeria. Asian J Plant Sci. 2008; 7(1):8212. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2008.8.12
- Plewa MJ, Wagner ED. Activation of promutagens by green plants. Annu Rev Genet. 1993; 27:93–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.000521. PMid:8122914
- Mattana CM, Cangiano MA, Alcaráz LE, et al. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of acacia aroma leaf extracts. Sci World J. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/380850. PMid:25530999. PMCid: PMC4228826
- Gothai S, Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo-scientific evaluation on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of traditional medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis aubl. flower. Pharmacologyonline. 2019; 2:24–38.
- de Queiroz FM, de Oliveira Matias KW, da Cunha MMF, Schwarz A. Evaluation of (anti)genotoxic activities of Phyllanthus niruri L. in rat bone marrow using the micronucleus test. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2013; 49(1):137–48. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502013000100015
- Sheba LA, Anuradha V. An updated review on Couroupita guianensis Aubl: A sacred plant of India with myriad medicinal properties. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2020; 9(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2020.01
- Elumalai A, Eswaraiah M, Didala A. Investigations on anti-oxidant, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet studies in Couroupita guianensis Aubl leaves by in-vitro methods. Pharma Sci Monit. 2012;3(3):2262-2269.
- Umachigi SP, Jayaveera KN, Kumar CKA, Kumar GS. Antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant potential of Couroupita guianensis in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 3:269–81.
- Khan MR, Kihara M, Omoloso AD. Antibiotic activity of Couroupita guianensis. J Herbs, Spices Med Plants. 2003; 10(3):95–108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v10n03_10
- Kavitha R, Kamalakannan P, Deepa T, Elamathi R, Sridhar S, Suresh JK. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Indian medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis aubl. J Chem Pharm Res. 2011; 3(6):115–21.
- Sivakumar T, Shankar T, Geetha G. Efficacy of Couroupita guianensis against selected human pathogens. Adv Biol Res (Rennes). 2012; 6(2):59–63.
- Prabhu V, Ravi S. Quantification of quercetin and stigmasterol of Couroupita guianensis aubl by HPTLC method and in-vitro cytototoxic activity by MTT assay of the methanol extract against HeLa, NIH 3T3 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012; 4(4):126–30.
- Baskar K, Ignacimuthu S, Jayakumar M. Toxic effects of Couroupita guianensis against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neotrop Entomol. 2015; 44(1):84–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0260-7. PMid:26013016
- Maheswaran R, Baskar K, Ignacimuthu S, Packiam SM, Rajapandiyan K. Bioactivity of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. against filarial and dengue vectors and nontarget fish. South African J Bot. 2019; 125:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.020
- Otabe A, Ohta F, Takumi A, Lynch B. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies of aspartame. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019; 103:345–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.023. PMid:29408486
- Han EH, Lim MK, Lee SH, Rahman MM, Lim YH. An oral toxicity test in rats and a genotoxicity study of extracts from the stems of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2442-7. PMid:30691445. PMCid:PMC6350306
- Reddeman RA, Glávits R, Endres JR, et al. A toxicological evaluation of Germanium sesquioxide (Organic Germanium). J Toxicol. 2020; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6275625. PMid:32322266. PMCid:PMC7160733
- Dodda S, Alluri VK, Golakoti T, Sengupta K. Acute, subacute, and genotoxicity assessments of a proprietary blend of Garcinia mangostana fruit rind and Cinnamomum tamala leaf extracts (CinDura®). J Toxicol. 2020; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1435891. PMid:32802054. PMCid: PMC7414347
- Dantas FG da S, Castilho PF de, Almeida-Apolonio AA de, Araújo RP de, Oliveira KMP de. Mutagenic potential of medicinal plants evaluated by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay: A systematic review. Mutat Res - Rev Mutat Res. 2020;786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108338. PMid:33339578
- Al-Anazi KM, Al-Mareed AA, Farah MA, Ali MA, Hailan WAQ, Al-Hemaid FM. Protective effect of Capparis spinosa Extract against potassium bromate induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in mice. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8875238. PMid:33531925. PMCid:PMC7837764
- Wang YH. Traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicological effects of Dendrobium leaves: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113851. PMid:33485987
- Gupta VH, Gunjal MA, Wankhede SS, Deshmukh VS. Neuropharmacological evaluation of the methanolic extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Flower in Mice. Int J Pharm Pharmacol Res. 2012; 1(5):242–6.
- Elumalai A, Bargavi K, Krishna S, And Eswaraiah MC. Evaluation of anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Couroupita guianensis Leaves. J Cell Tissue Res. 2013; 13(2):3745–8.
- Organ Econ Co-operation Dev. OECD Test No. 471: Bacterial reverse mutation test[Internet]. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071247-en
- De Flora S, Izzotti A, Randerath K, et al. DNA adducts and chronic degenerative diseases. Pathogenetic relevance and implications in preventive medicine. Mutat Res - Rev Genet Toxicol. 1996;366(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1110(96)00043-7
- Andreassi MG, Botto N, Colombo MG, Biagini A, Clerico A. Genetic instability and atherosclerosis: Can somatic mutations account for the development of cardiovascular diseases? Environ Mol Mutagen. 2000;35(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2280(2000) 35:4<265::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-M
- Aruoma OI. Methodological considerations for characterizing potential antioxidant actions of bioactive components in plant foods. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2003; 523–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00317-2
- Ross CA, Margolis RL. Neurogenetics: Insights into degenerative diseases and approaches to schizophrenia. Clin Neurosci Res. 2005;5(1 SPEC. ISS.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnr.2005.07.001
- Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test. OECD; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071247-en
- Sánchez F, Radaeva TV, Nikonenko BV, et al. Multigenic control of disease severity after virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Infect Immun. 2003;71(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.1.126-131. 2003. PMid:12496157. PMCid:PMC143141
- Food. International Conference on Harmonisation. Guidance on S2(R1) genotoxicity testing and data interpretation for pharmaceuticals intended for human use; availability. Notice [Internet].2012.
- Johara FT, Aovi FI. Pharmacological screening of in vitro activity of methanol extract of nagalinga flower. Pharmacologyonline. 2020;2.
- George SA, Bhadran S, Sudhakar M, Harini BP. Comprehensive in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of selected mass spectrometry profiling of Flacourtia jangomas flower extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(5):237–44. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17419
- Begum K, Shammi M, Hasan N, Asaduzzaman M, Appiah KS, Fujii Y. Potential allelopathic candidates for land use and possible sustainable weed management in South Asian ecosystem. Sustain. 2019;11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092649
- Gupta VH, Wankhede SS, Gunjal MA, Juvekar AR. Antidepressant like effect of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. flowers in animal model of depression. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2012; 4(2):12–16.
- Pinheiro MMG, Fernandes SBO, Fingolo CE, Boylan F, Fernandes PD. Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and fractions from Couroupita guianensis Aublet leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 146(1):324–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.053. PMid: 23313951
- Edziri H, Mastouri M, Mahjoub A, et al. Toxic and mutagenic properties of extracts from Tunisian traditional medicinal plants investigated by the neutral red uptake, VITOTOX and alkaline comet assays. South African J Bot. 2011; 77(3):703–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.03.007
- Böyum A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand J Clin Lab Investig Suppl. 1968; 97:77–89.
- Pradhan D, Panda PK, Tripathy G. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Couroupita guianensis aubl. Flowers in rats. Nat Prod Radiance. 2009; 8(1):37–42.
- Moosavi M, Jalali A, Siahpoosh A, Farajzadeh-Shikh A, Kianipur F. Assessing mutagenicity of methanolic exteract of Abrus precatorius seeds using ames bioassay. J Med Sci. 2013; 13(2):118–23. https://doi.org/10.3923/jms.2013.118.123
- Lee JS, Cho JH, Lee DS, Son CG. Genotoxicity evaluation of an ethanol extract mixture of Astragali radix and Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2018; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5684805. PMid:30402128. PMCid: PMC6198562
- Sharififar F, Dehghan-Noudeh G, Moshafi M, et al. Antimutagenic activity of major fractions of Zataria multiflora Boiss by Ames method. Asian J Pharm. 2015; 9(3):195–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.160316
- Abdul-Hafeez EY, Karamova NS, Ilinskaya ON. Evaluation of mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of stem bark aqueous extracts of eight trees by the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Ecol Genet. 2018; 16(3):55–61. https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen16355-61
- EFSA. Guidance for submission for food additive evaluations. EFSA J. 2012;10(7). https://doi.org/10.29 03/j.efsa.2012.2760
- Hardy A, Benford D, Halldorsson T, et al. Clarification of some aspects related to genotoxicity assessment. EFSA J. 2017; 15(12):5113. https://doi.org/10.2903/j. efsa.2017.5113. PMid:32625393
- Evaluation of Clastogenic Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf of Couroupita guianensis using Micronucleus Test in Mice
Abstract Views :96 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Rajendra M. Nagane
1,
Karishma R. Desai
1,
Indrajitsinh M. Barad
1,
Manish V. Patel
1,
Jigarkumar R. Rana
2,
Urjita V. Sheth
3,
R. Krishnamurthy
3,
Virangana M. Patel
1,
Kinjal A. Patel
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
2 3Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
3 C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat., IN
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
2 3Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
3 C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat., IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 28, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 187-198Abstract
Medicinal plants are being used since ancient times in different tribes in India for numerous medicinal purposes. The essential facets of plant-based medicines, such as safety, quality, and efficiency, must be evaluated. Couroupita guianensis is a medicinally important plant, being used conventionally for curing varieties of medical ailments. From the safety point of view, limited information exists for the C. guianensis plant. Considering the facts mentioned above, this study evaluates the genotoxic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of C. guianensis, through an in vivo micronucleus test , which was conducted on mice (Strain: Hsd: ICR (CD1)). The main study consisted of three groups (5 male mice per group): vehicle control (corn oil), a treatment group (2000 mg/kg body weight), and positive control (Mitomycin-C, 1.0 mg/kg body weight). The methodology followed was the standard in vivo procedure as per the internationally approved OECD TG 474 guidelines with a two-day dosing schedule separated by 24 hours. Dose-volume used was 10 mL/kg body weight. Mice in each group exhibited normal behavior and were found clinically normal after dosing. Toxicity to bone marrow, as well as any statistically significant rise in the percent micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (% MNPCE), was not detected in mice that were treated with C. guianensis at 2000 mg/kg body weight when compared with the data of concurrent vehicle control. Statistically, a significant rise in the % MNPCE was obtained in mice treated with Mitomycin-C (1.0 mg/kg body weight), which confirmed the test system’s suitability, the procedures, and efficiency of conditions employed in the test. Our study concluded that the plant is not showing any genotoxicity and can be used as a medicine to cure various reported aliments.Keywords
Couroupita guianensis, Ethanolic Leaf Extract, Genotoxicity, Medicinal Plant, Micronucleus TestReferences
- Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy by CK Kokate. 16th ed.; 2001.
- Trease G, Evans WJP. The Pharmacological Action of Plant Drugs. 12th ed.; 1983.
- Kavitha K. Effect of Courouptia guianensis on n-diethylnitrosamine induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. JKK Nattraja Coll Pharmacy, Komar. 2012.
- Idu M, Onyibe HI, Timothy O, Erhabor JO. Ethnomedicinal flora of Otuo people of Edo State, Nigeria. Asian J Plant Sci. 2008; 7(1):8–12. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2008.8.12
- Sheba LA, Anuradha V. An updated reviewon Couroupita guianensis Aubl: A sacred plant of India with myriad medicinal properties. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2020; 9(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2020.01
- Priyadarshini N, Veeramani A. Antitubercular compounds isolated and characterized in Tithonia diversifolia and Couroupita guianensis. Int J Myco bacteriology. 2020; 9(2):195–9.
- Ilangovan S, Thavasumani P. Preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobicidal activities in the methanolic leaf extract of Couroupita guianensis. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021:203–6. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i1.39923
- Jiang M, Cui BW, Wu YL, Nan JX, Lian LH. Genus Gentiana: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and molecular mechanism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113391. PM id:32931880
- Elumalai A, Eswaraiah M, Didala A. Investigations on anti-oxidant, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet studies in Couroupita guianensis aubl leaves by in-vitro methods. Pharma Sci Monit. 2012; 3(3):2262–9.
- Umachigi SP, Jayaveera KN, Kumar CKA, Kumar GS. Antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant potential of Couroupita guianensis in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 3:269–81.
- Khan MR, Kihara M, Omoloso AD. Antibiotic Activity of Couroupita guianensis. J Herbs, Spices Med Plants. 2003; 10(3):95–108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v10n03_10
- Kavitha R, Kamalakannan P, Deepa T, Elamathi R, Sridhar S, Kumar Suresh J. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Indian medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis aubl. J Chem Pharm Res. 2011; 3(6):115–21.
- Sivakumar T, Shankar T, Geetha G. Efficacy of Couroupita guianensis against selected human pathogens. Adv Biol Res (Rennes). 2012; 6(2):59–63.
- Prabhu V, Ravi S. Quantification of quercetin and stigmasterol of Couroupita guianensis aubl by HPTLC method and in-vitro cytototoxic activity by MTT assay of the methanol extract against HeLa, NIH 3T3 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012; 4(4):126–30.
- Begum K, Motobayashi T, Hasan N, Appiah KS, Shammi M, Fujii Y. Indigo as a plant growth inhibitory chemical from the fruit pulp of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Agronomy. 2020; 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091388
- Mattana CM, Cangiano MA, Alcaráz LE, et al. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of acacia aroma leaf extracts. Sci World J. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/380850. PMid:25530999. PMC id:PMC4228826
- Plewa MJ, Wagner ED. Activation of promutagens by green plants. Annu Rev Genet. 1993; 27:93–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.000521 . PMid:8122914
- Gothai S, Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo-scientific evaluation on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of traditional medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis aubl. flower. Pharmacologyonline. 2019; 2:24–38.
- Hadi NSA, Bankoglu EE, Schott L, et al. Genotoxicity of selected pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh6. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2021:861–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503305. PMid:33551105
- Cha SB, Kim SS, Oh JJ, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of a Dioscorea Rhizome water extract. Toxicol Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00077-8
- Lee S-B, Lee J-S, Wang J-H, et al. Genotoxicity of Water extract from bark-removed rhus verniciflua stokes. molecules. 2021; 26(4):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040896. PMid:33567750. PMCid:PMC7914431
- Shokrzadeh M, Habibi E, Shadboorestan A, Chabra A, Ahmadi A. The protective effects of Origanum vulgare L. extract on genetic damage of cyclophosphamide in mice blood lymphocytes using micronucleus test. Pharm Biomed Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.18502/pbr.v6i4.5116
- Ganaie AH. Review of the active principles of medicinal and aromatic plants and their disease fighting properties. In: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2021:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819590-1.00001-X
- George SA, Bhadran S, Sudhakar M, Harini BP. Comprehensive in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of selected mass spectrometry profiling of Flacourtia jangomas flower extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(5):237–44. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17419
- OECD. Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test. OECD; 2016. https://doi.org/10. 1787/9789264264762-en
- EFSA. Guidance for submission for food additive evaluations. EFSA J. 2012; 10(7). https://doi.org/10. 2903/j.efsa.2012.2760
- Hardy A, Benford D, Halldorsson T, et al. Clarification of some aspects related to genotoxicity assessment. EFSA J. 2017; 15(12):5113. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5113. PMid:32625393
- Asanami S, Shimono K. Hypothermia induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 1997; 393(1–2):91–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00089-2
- Asanami S, Shimono K. High body temperature induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 1997; 390(1–2):79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1218(97)00002-5
- Asanami S, Shimono K, Kaneda S. Transient hypothermia induces micronuclei in mice. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 1998; 413(1):7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00004-7
- MacGregor JT, Heddle JA, Hite M, et al. Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone marrow erythrocytes. Mutat Res Toxicol. 1987; 189(2):103–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(87) 90016-4
- Krishna G, Hayashi M. In vivo rodent micronucleus assay: Protocol, conduct and data interpretation. Mutat Res - Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 2000; 455(1–2):155–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00 117-2
- Heddle JA, Stuart E, Salamone MF. The Bone Marrow Micronucleus Test. In: Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures. 1984:441–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/B9 78-0-444-80519-5.50025-0
- Gad SC, Weil C. Statistics for toxicologists. In: Principles and methods of toxicology. 3rd Editio. Raven press Ltd., New York; 1994:221–74.
- Jasmine FS, Moorthi VP. Couroupita guianensis: The reservoir of medicinal compounds of human welfare. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(3):50–2. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16174
- Landge L. Ameliorative role of flower extract of Couroupita guianensis on chloramphenicol induced hematological changes in Mus musculus. Int J Res Anal Rev. 2018; 5:22–6.
- Yadav A, Mendhulkar V. Repellency and toxicity of Couroupita guianensis leaf extract against Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Int J Sci Res Publ. 2014; 5(4):1–4.
- de Queiroz FM, de Oliveira Matias KW, da Cunha MMF, Schwarz A. Evaluation of (anti)genotoxic activities of Phyllanthus niruri L. in rat bone marrow using the micronucleus test. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2013; 49(1):137–48. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502013000100015
- Sousa HG, Uchôa VT, Cavalcanti SMG, et al. Phytochemical screening, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and cytogenotoxicity activities of Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae). J Toxicol Environ Heal - Part A Curr Issues. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2021.1875345. PMid:33494643
- Boriollo MFG, Resende MR, da Silva TA, et al. Evaluation of the mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. Bark in the micronucleus assay. Genet Mol Biol. 2014; 37(2):428–38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572014000300016. PMid:25071 409. PMCid:PMC4094613
- Lee JS, Cho JH, Lee DS, Son CG. Genotoxicity evaluation of an ethanol extract mixture of astragali radix and salviae miltiorrhizae radix. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2018; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5684805. PMid:30402128. PMCid: PMC6198562
- Mohamed HM, Aly MS. Evaluation of genotoxicity of Euphorbia triaculeata Forssk. extract on mice bone marrow cells in vivo. Toxicol Reports. 2018; 5(April):625–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.007. PM id:29854632. PMCid:PMC5977870
- Ji KY, Kim KM, Oh JJ, et al. Assessment of the 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity and genotoxicity of GHX02. J Appl Toxicol. 2020; 40(2):270–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3902. PMid:31515828. PMCid:P MC7004199
- Dodda S, Alluri VK, Golakoti T, Sengupta K. Acute, subacute, and genotoxicity assessments of a proprietary blend of Garcinia mangostana fruit rind and Cinnamomum tamala leaf extracts (CinDura®). J Toxicol. 2020; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1435891. PMid:32802054. PMCid: PMC7414347
- Food. International Conference on Harmonisation; guidance on S2(R1) Genotoxicity testing and data interpretation for pharmaceuticals intended for human use; availability. Notice. Fed Regist. 2012.
- Sahu R, Divakar G, Divakar K. In vivo rodent micronucleus assay of Gmelina arborea Roxb (Gambhari) extract. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010; 1(1):22–9.
- Gupta VH, Gunjal MA, Wankhede SS, Deshmukh VS. Neuropharmacological evaluation of the methanolic extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. flower in mice. Int J Res Stud Biosci. 2012; 3(10):115–21.
- Elumalai A, Bargavi K, Krishna S, Eswaraiah MC. Evaluation of anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Couroupita guianensis Leaves. J Cell Tissue Res. 2013; 13(2):3745–8.
- Han EH, Lim MK, Lee SH, Rahman MM, Lim YH. An oral toxicity test in rats and a genotoxicity study of extracts from the stems of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2442-7. PMid:306 91445. PMCid:PMC6350306
- Böyum A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand J Clin Lab Investig Suppl. 1968; 97:77–89.
- Pradhan D, Panda PK, Tripathy G. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Couroupita guianensis aubl. Flowers in rats. Nat Prod Radiance. 2009; 8(1):37–42.