Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Nagaraju Bandaru ¹, A. Ramu ¹, S. Vidhyadhara ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chowdavaram – 522019, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Glutamate is a major endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases by excessive activation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of Sapindus laurifolia (MESL) Fraction A against glutamate-induced oxidative stress and to assess the underlying mechanism. MESL Fraction A was subjected to a neuroprotective effect assay in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. The mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of MESL Fraction A was evaluated by assaying Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione level and antioxidant enzyme activity in HT22 cells. MESL Fraction A significantly decreased glutamate-induced death of HT22 cells (88.23 ± 1.65% relative neuroprotection). MESL Fraction A reduced the intracellular ROS and Ca²⁺ levels and increased the glutathione level and glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxide activities. Moreover, MESL Fraction A attenuated the mitochondrial membrane potential in HT22 cells. These results suggested that MESL Fraction A exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress HT22 cells, which was mediated by its antioxidant activity.

Keywords

Antioxidant, Glutamate, Hippocampal Cells, Neuroprotective, Oxidative Stress.

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Marshet Getachew Argaw ¹, Nagaraju Bandaru ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram – 522502, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

The world wide spread dementia of Alzeheimer disease is estimated to be as high as 24 million and it is hypothesized to be double every 20 years through 2040 resulting to a costly risk of the disease. Alzehimer disease is the main cause of dementia and is manifested by a gradual loss of cognitive function which is initially begin with deterioration of memory. Before death, the patient is fully dependent on their care givers. The main mechanism underlying the neuropath logical changes in Alzheimer patient are remaining unknown. But mainly they may be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The hall mark pathology of Alzheimer disease are mainly accompanied by the presence of reactive microgliosis and the loss of neurons, white matter and synapses3 .

Keywords

Dementia, Deterioration of Memory, Loss of Cognitive Function, Reactive Microgliosis, Synapses, White Matter

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Nagaraju Bandaru ¹, A. Narayana Rao ¹, Yasho Deepika ², Alekhya Ketha ³, Daveedu Thathipudi ⁴, N. Sri Laxmi ¹

Affiliations
1 College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddesweram, Guntur - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad - 500088, Telangana, IN
3 Bharat Institute of Technology-Pharmacy, Mangalpally, Hyderabad - 501510, Telangana, IN
4 Department of Biotechnology, Vikarma Simhapuri University, Nellore – 524320, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

The Fraction from Methanolic extract whole plant of Biophytum reinwardtii (HEMBR) is traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes. Rats were treated with a standardized dose of Dexamethasone for 14 days and the effect of HEMBR at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. on plasma blood glucose level, serum triglyceride level, glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD and catalase), and body weight were observed. HEMBR showed a significant decrease in plasma glucose and serum triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. and also stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, GSH, SOD, and catalase were significantly increased (p < 0.01). Hence it can be concluded that Biophytum reinwardtii may prove to be effective in the treatment of Type-II Diabetes mellitus owing to its ability to decrease insulin resistance.

Keywords

Antioxidants, Diabetes, Fraction, Insulin, Resistance

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