Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

K. Vanisthasree ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ², B. Kalakumar ², C. Haritha ², B. Anilkumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 03, IN

Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos (MCP) and lead acetate. Female pregnant albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into five groups and treated as follows, from day 3 of pregnancy till weaning of pups on postnatal day (PND) 21. Group 1 served as sham control, group 2 received methimazole 0.02% in drinking water, group 3 received MCP (0.3 mg/kg orally), group 4 received lead acetate at 0.2% in drinking water and group 5 received MCP + lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Eight pups from each group were euthanized on PND 21 and 90, and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione (GSH) of liver were studied on PND 21 and 90, while the activities of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Mg²⁺ATPase in the liver were studied on PND 90. T₃, T₄, GSH, Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Mg²⁺ATPase were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P<0.05) increased in all the test groups as compared to group 1. From this study, it is concluded that both MCP and lead acetate have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid profile was altered significantly and the hepatotoxic effects were comparable to those induced by methimazole.

Keywords

Hepatotoxicity, lead acetate, methimazole, monocrotophos, rats

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C. Haritha ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², B. Kalakumar ¹, G. Dilip Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

Diclofenac toxicity was studied in male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of a day old age. The chicks were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 10 in each group. Group 1 was kept as basal diet control (1–32 days), group 2 on basal diet for 32 days + diclofenac (0.8 mg/kg body weight I/M) on day 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32, group 3 on basal diet for 32 days + cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight I/M once daily) from day 20 to 23, group 4 on high-protein, high-calcium, low vitamin A (HPHC) diet (1–32 days), group 5 on basal diet + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), group 6 on HPHC + diclofenac (as per the schedule), group 7 on HPHC + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), and group 8 on HPHC + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule). The activity of TBARS, SOD, and catalase revealed a significant (P <0.05) increase, while there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the concentration of GSH in liver in the groups given diclofenac either alone or in combination with other variables. There was no significant difference in the diclofenac residue levels. The electron microscopy of liver revealed lesions of mild to marked severity in different combinations. It can be concluded that diclofenac has the toxic potential in poultry at subtherapeutic doses and further the toxic effects were more pronounced under the influence of immunosuppressants and HPHC diet.

Keywords

Diclofenac, hepatotoxicity, high-protein high-calcium diet, oxidative stress

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B. Anilkumar ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, B. Kalakumar ¹, M. Usha Rani ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², T. Raghunandan ³, Y. Ramana Reddy ⁴, K. Jyothi ¹, K. S. Gopi ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Livestock Research Institute, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. A total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to Deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-Bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 kg + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/ sheep/day, group 3 on Bt cotton plants (50%) at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day, and group 4 on Bt cotton plants ad libitum + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day. All the groups of sheep were maintained for three months and various hemato-biochemical parameters were studied at monthly intervals. The activity of aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase in sera samples, and the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine did not differ significantly among different groups at different time intervals. The histological examination of liver and kidney did not reveal any significant changes in Bt and non-Bt cotton-fed groups. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that feeding of genetically modified (Bt) cotton plants to sheep was without detrimental effects in the biological system of sheep.

Keywords

Bt cotton, sero-biochemistry, sheep

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Y. Ravikumar ¹, D. Madhuri ¹, M. Lakshman ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ², B. Kalakumar ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telangana, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Jagtial District, Telangana – 505326, Telangana, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telengana, IN

Abstract

The present work was aimed to know the changes in protein and lipid profile induced cadmium and chlorpyrifos Wistar rats. Work was carried out for 28 days in rats. 1: Control. 2: CdCl₂ @ 22.5 mg/kg b.wt/oral. 3: CPF @ 25 mg/kg b.wt/per oral. 4: CdCl₂@22.5 mg + CPF @ 25 mg/kg b.wt/per oral. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the concentration of total protein and albumin in Groups 2, 3 and 4 and also a significant (P<0.05) increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in Groups 2, 3 and 4 on 15^th and 29^th day of the experiment. The adverse changes in protein and lipid profile in combined Group were severe than individual Groups due to synergistic action of the combined pollutants.

Keywords

Cadmium, Chlorpyrifos, Lipid Profile, Protein Profile, Wistar Rats.

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Y. Ravikumar ¹, D. Madhuri ², M. Lakshman ¹, A. Gopalareddy ³, B. Kalakumar ⁴, B. Anilkumar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telangana, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Korutla, Jagtial District – 505326, Telangana, IN
3 Controller of Examinations, PVNRTVU, Administrative Office, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telangana, IN
4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal District – 506166 , Telangana, IN
5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telangana, IN

Abstract

The work was designed with 4 groups for 28 days. 1: Control. 2: CdCl₂ @ 22.5mg/ kg b.wt / oral. 3: CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. 4: CdCl₂@22.5 mg + CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. Higher mean values of liver, kidney and brain TBARS were observed in G-2, 3 and 4 on 15^th and 29^th day. Liver section in group 2 revealed mild degenerative changes  in group 3; in group 4 mild to moderate peri portal fibrosis.  Kidney section in group 2 showed  shrunken glomeruli, necrosis;  kidney section showed degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium with casts in the lumen in group 3 and  necrosis with casts in the lumen in group 4. Brain section in group 2 showed mild perivascular cuffing,  mild to moderate degeneration of Purkinji cells in group 3 and in group 4 degeneration of Purkinje cells. Effects in G-4 were severe than individual groups due to synergistic action of the combined pollutants than the individual effects.

Keywords

Cadmium, Chlorpyrifos, Lipid Peroxidation, Wistar Rats.

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