Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Ethanolic Extract of Acacia catechu Willd. Seed using Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Albino Rat


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Research, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
3 BRULAC, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Acacia catechu Willd. is widely used traditionally as an herbal remedy for many ailments. This study is aimed to assess the safety of its seed extract using hematological and biochemical parameters. Rats were given p.o., vehicle (control), 800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg (n = 4 per group) of alcoholic extract of A. catechu seed made into a suspension with 1% hydroxyl propyl cellulose and observed for mortality for 14 days. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated after that. No mortality was observed in any of the groups and gross observation showed no abnormality. There was no change in the body weight and organ to body weight ratio as compared to the control group. A significant increase in the hemoglobin and packed cell volume was observed in all the groups as compared to the control. No significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, bilirubin, total protein, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. The uric acid level of 3200 mg/kg dose was significantly lower than the control group. This study shows that ethanolic extract of A. catechu Willd. the seed has very low mammalian toxicity.

Keywords

Acacia Catechu Willd Seed, Acute Oral Toxicity, Biochemical Parameter, Ethanolic Extract, Hematological, Rat.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Singh KN, Lal B. Note on traditional uses of Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) by inhabitants of shivalik range of western Himalaya. Ethnobotanical Lealf. 2006; 10:109–12.

  • Anonymous. The Wealth of India, Raw Material. New Delhi: CSIR. 2004; 1:11.

  • Qadry JS. Shah’s and Qadry’s Pharmacognosy. 12th ed. Ahmedabad: B.S Shah Prakashan. 2008; 302–3.

  • Lakshmi T, Magesh A, Rajendran R. Estimation of biomarker epicatechin in ethanolic bark extract of Acacia catechu Willd by HPLC method. J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 4:1764–7.

  • Sharma P, Dayal R, Ayyer KS. Acylglucosterole from Acacia catechu. J Med Aromat Plants Sci. 1999; 21:1002–5.

  • Jain R, Patni V, Arora DK. Isolation and identification of flavonoid “Quercetin” from Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd – A katha yielding plant. J Phytol Res. 2007; 20:43–5.

  • Lakshmi T, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of Acacia catechu Ethanolic leaf extract by HPTLC technique. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2012; 4:180–5.

  • Naik GH, Priyadarsini KI, Satav JG, Banavalikar MM, Sohoni DP, Biyani MK et al. Comparative antioxidant activity of individual herbal components used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytochemistry. 2003; 63:97–104.

  • Negi BS, Dave BP. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Acacia catechu and its phytochemical analysis. Indian J Microbiol. 2010; 50:369–74.

  • Ghate NB, Hazra B, Sarkar R, Mandal N. Heartwood extract of Acacia catechu induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma by altering bax/bcl-2 ratio. Pharmacogn Mag. 2014; 10:27–33.

  • Singh KN, Mittal RK, Barthwal KC. Hypoglycaemic activity of Acacia catechu, Acacia suma, and Albizzia odoratissima seed diets in normal albino rats. Indian J Med Res. 1976; 64:754–7.

  • Leung PC. A practical way of research in Chinese medicine. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006; 35:770–2.

  • Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulation: Grand rounds at University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23:854–9.

  • Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of liver function. In: Longo DS, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J editors. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, USA: McGraw Hill Medical. 2012; 2527–31.

  • Harris RC, Neilson EG. Adaptation of the kidney to renal injury. In: Longo DS, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J editors. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, USA: McGraw Hill Medical. 2012; 2527–31.

  • Awang DV. Quality control and good manufacturing practices: Safety and efficacy of commercial herbals. Food Drug Law J. 1997; 52:341–4.

  • Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, Gruenwald J, Hall T, Riggins CW et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin, TX/Boston, MA, American Botanical Council/Integrative Medicine Communications. 1998.

  • Calixto JB. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000; 33:179–89.

  • Shaw D. Risks or remedies? Safety aspects of herbal remedies. J R Soc Med. 1998; 91:294–6.

  • WHO. Annex II. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines (WHO Technical Report Series No. 863). Geneva: WHO. 1996.

  • Cupp MJ. Herbal remedies: Adverse effects and drug interactions. Am Fam Physician. 1999; 59:1239–45.

  • Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology. 1996; 46:1775–6.

  • Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:1108.

  • Powell T, Hsu FF, Turk J, Hruska K. Ma-huang strikes again: Ephedrine nephrolithiasis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 32:153– 9.

  • Seth SD, Sharma B. Medicinal plants in India. Indian J Med Res. 2004; 120:9–11.

  • Ray D, Sharatchandra KH, Thokchom IS. Antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal, hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective activities of ethyl acetate extract of Acacia catechu Willd. in albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2006; 38:408–13.

  • Rahmatullah M, Hossain M, Mahmud A, et al. Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of khoyer prepared from boiling the wood of Acacia Catechu in Water. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013; 10:1–5.

  • Alam G, Singh MP, Singh A, Patel R. Investigation of anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory activity of leaves extract of Acacia catechu Willd. J Pharm Res. 2012; 5:2587–9.

  • Alambayan J, Vats M, Sardana S, Sehrawat R. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of ischolar_mains of Acacia catechu Willd. (Mimosoideae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2015; 3:79–84.

  • Sham JS, Chiu KW, Pang PK. Hypotensive action of Acacia catechu. Planta Med. 1984; 50:177–80.

  • Final report on the safety assessment of Ricinus communis (Castor) seed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl ricinoleate, glyceryl ricinoleate SE, ricinoleic acid, potassium ricinoleate, sodium ricinoleate, zinc ricinoleate, cetyl ricinoleate, ethyl ricinoleate, glycol ricinoleate, isopropyl ricinoleate, methyl ricinoleate, and octyldodecyl ricinoleate. Int J Toxicol. 2007; 26 Suppl 3:31–77.

  • Dickers KJ, Bradberry SM, Rice P, Griffiths GD, Vale JA. Abrin poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2003; 22:137–42.

  • Kavitha C, Ramesh M, Kumaran SS, Lakshmi SA. Toxicity of Moringa oleifera seed extract on some hematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012; 64:681–7.

  • Gad SC, Weil CS. Statistics for toxicologists. In: Hayes AW editor. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press. 1989; 463–7.

  • Bose PK. On some biochemical properties of natural coumarins. J Indian Chem Soc. 1958; 58:367–75.

  • Clark AM. Natural products as a resource for new drugs. Pharm Res. 1996; 13:1133–44.

  • Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MP. Medicinal plants as sources of new therapeutics. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 1995; 82:16–24.

  • Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12:564–82.

  • Lam M, Carmichael AR, Griffiths HR. An aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via FOXO3a and p53 expression. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e40152.

  • Yusof YA, Saad SM, Makpol S, Shamaan NA, Ngah WZ. Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010; 65:1371–7.

  • Allard T, Wenner T, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Mechanisms of herb-induced nephrotoxicity. Curr Med Chem. 2013; 20:2812–9.


Abstract Views: 486

PDF Views: 0




  • Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Ethanolic Extract of Acacia catechu Willd. Seed using Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Albino Rat

Abstract Views: 486  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Lakshmi Thangavelu
Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
R. Vijayaragavan
Department of Research, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
P. Selvanadhan
BRULAC, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
D. Ezhilarasan
Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract


Acacia catechu Willd. is widely used traditionally as an herbal remedy for many ailments. This study is aimed to assess the safety of its seed extract using hematological and biochemical parameters. Rats were given p.o., vehicle (control), 800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg (n = 4 per group) of alcoholic extract of A. catechu seed made into a suspension with 1% hydroxyl propyl cellulose and observed for mortality for 14 days. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated after that. No mortality was observed in any of the groups and gross observation showed no abnormality. There was no change in the body weight and organ to body weight ratio as compared to the control group. A significant increase in the hemoglobin and packed cell volume was observed in all the groups as compared to the control. No significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, bilirubin, total protein, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. The uric acid level of 3200 mg/kg dose was significantly lower than the control group. This study shows that ethanolic extract of A. catechu Willd. the seed has very low mammalian toxicity.

Keywords


Acacia Catechu Willd Seed, Acute Oral Toxicity, Biochemical Parameter, Ethanolic Extract, Hematological, Rat.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.22506/ti%2F2015%2Fv22%2Fi2%2F137657