Power Research

Naveen Jain ¹, S. N. Singh ², S. C. Srivastava ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur - 313 001, IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur - 208016, IN

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach for optimal placement of Distributed Generators (DGs) utilizing a generic multi-objective performance function considering dynamic relevance (weight) factors and various levels of the DG penetration. The suggested approach can place the fixed size as well as the variable size of multiple DGs in single or multiple stage(s), considering any type of load model. The technical performance of the system, with the dynamic relevance factors is found to be better than with the fixed relevance factors approach. The effect of considering system constraints on the DG size and its location has been studied. A look up table approach is also suggested to place the DG at locations other than the most optimal one. The impact of the DG placement on the system voltage profile and line loss has also been investigated on 33-bus and 41-bus (Indian system) distribution systems. The critical cases with extreme DG output power and distribution load demand are simulated on these systems to study the technical viability of the DG planning under such circumstances.

Keywords

Distributed generation, Multi-objective function and Particle swarm optimization

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S. K. Parida ¹, S. N. Singh ¹, S. C. Srivastava ¹, P. Chanda ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur - 208 016, IN
2 National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, IN

Abstract

In India, the frequency regulation service has been provided by the generators, operating under the Free Governor Mode of Operation (FGMO), with certain regulatory basis prescribed by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC). No incentive is being provided towards the capacity reserved for frequency regulation service. In this paper, a capacity linked mechanism has been proposed in order to encourage the participants to provide regulation service.

Keywords

Unscheduled Interchange Mechanism, Frequency Regulation Service, Free Governor Mode of Operation.

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S. N. Singh ¹, A. K. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, NIT, Jamshedpur - 831 014, IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT, Jamshedpur - 831 014, IN

Abstract

A hybrid solar Photovoltaic (PV)-AC utility interfaced power generating system has been developed for domestic use. The system consists of a photovoltaic array (installed on the structure of the roof), an intelligent power controller and an inverter with battery as an energy storage device. The system works in such a way that it utilises maximum power from the PV source, converts it into useful AC power for household critical loads. The variation in PV power is supplemented by a grid power source integrated with the PV source. The system finds wide application in rural sectors where the conventional source of supply has been restricted and further expansion of utility (grid) supply is not possible due to various technical and economic reasons. Thus it saves grid power and reduces the overburdening of power on grid lines. The technology of solar energy conversion into useful AC power through push-pull configured transistorised inverters involves the PWM strategy which produces a very near sine wave output with minimum THD, leading to a highly efficient system. The system has been designed for 300 W power supply for critical loads. The simulation for the generation of PWM pulses and the computation of THD value has been carried out. Performance of the system was tested under various abnormal conditions like grid failure, low or no sunshine conditions, etc. The system provides optimum use of solar PV power with environmental benefits.

Keywords

Intelligent Hybrid (PV-AC) System Controller (IHSC), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Main Switching Signal (MSS), Polarity Control Signal (PCS), Veri-log Hardware Descriptive Language (VHDL), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Depth of Discharge (DOD), Watt (W), Hour (h).

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P. Paavani ¹, S. N. Singh ², S. C. Srivastava ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT, Kanpur, IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT, Kanpur, , scs@iitk.ac., IN

Abstract

This paper presents a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based fault detection, classifi cation and location using synchrophasor measurements obtained from the optimally placed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for ensuring fault observability. An Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based PMU placement method is proposed, considering the minimization of installation cost as objective with line observability as its constraint. The breaker and half bus-bars scheme is considered at one of the substations to show its impact on the Optimal PMUs Placement (OPP). After the OPP, a SVM based post-fault studies are carried out using the synchrophasor measurements, available from the PMUs. Three types of SVM-Classifi ers (SVM-C) are used for the fault detection, faulted line identifi cation and the fault classifi cation. Further, fault location is carried out using Support Vector Regressor (SVR) in which four SVMs are utilized, one for each fault type. The same classifi cation and regression is carried out using Radial Basis Neural Networks (RBFNNs) and the results obtained from SVM are compared. The performance of the proposed method is studied on WSCC-9 bus system with and without consideration of the breaker and half bus-bar scheme and on New England (NE)-39 bus system.

Keywords

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Binary Integer Programming, Support Vector Machine, Fault Diagnosis, Optimal PMUs Placement.

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D. Saxena ¹, Sayak Bhaumik ², S. N. Singh ², K. S. Verma ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IIET, Bareilly (UP), IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, IN
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur (UP), IN

Abstract

Power quality is becoming a major concern due to increase penetration of power electronics devices and smart grid initiatives. This paper presents an effective methodology to optimally place the Power Quality Monitors (PQMs) to get complete information of the network even under the some outages which makes the system completely observable. Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) technique has been used to minimize the numbers of PQM required to make system completely observable and to maximize the measurement redundancy. An index based two-step method has been proposed. Simulation result of the proposed method on IEEE-14 bus system, IEEE-24 bus system IEEE-30 bus system, 13 bus feeder system, 34 bus feeder system, 37 bus feeder system are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed method.

Keywords

Power Quality Monitors, Binary Particle Swarm Optimization, Observability, Optimal Placement.

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A. K. Jain ¹, S. C. Srivastava ¹, S. N. Singh ¹, L. Srivastava ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur–208016, IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior–474005, IN

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology to develop an optimal coordinated bidding strategy of a supplier in Day-Ahead Energy Market (DAEM) and Balancing Energy Market (BEM). It is assumed that each supplier bids hourly price-volume bid in DAEM and BEM (for up regulation and down regulation) for 24 hours. In this work, a bi-level optimization problem has been proposed to obtain the optimally coordinated bidding strategy of a supplier, considering rivals’ bidding behavior, inter temporal constraints, and multi period auction. Lower level problem represents the market clearing process of System Operator (SO), in which DAEM and BEM are cleared separately and sequentially for all the 24 hours. Upper level problem represents the supplier’s profi t maximization function, which is non linear. Therefore, Artifi cial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, a modern heuristic approach, has been used to obtain the best solution of the proposed bi-level optimization problem. The effectiveness of proposed method has been tested on modifi ed IEEE-30 bus system. Results obtained using the ABC algorithm has been compared with those obtained using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach. To illustrate the effect of coordinated bidding strategy on supplier’s profi t, results of the coordinated bidding strategy have been compared with those obtained by uncoordinated bidding strategy.

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