Journal of Pierre Fauchard Academy (India Section)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Effects of E-cigarette on Oral Health – A Systematic Scoping Review .


Affiliations
1 M.D.S, Senior Resident, Division of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
2 M.D.S, Senior Resident, Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
3 Pro Vice-Chancellor Health Sciences and Professor of Orthodontics, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India. Adjunct Professor, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia ., India
4 M.D.S, Associate Professor, Division of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
5 M.D.S, Associate Professor, Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Background: E-cigarettes have been perceived as a safer product compared to conventional cigarettes and have often been used for the purpose of cigarette smoking cessation. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a systematic review of the existing literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on human oral health and oral tissues. Methodology: Systematic literature search was undertaken and reviewed independently by two experts in online databases till May 2019. Both human and invitro studies were included. Guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were followed for reporting of the data. Results: A total of 24 studies were included following removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening and; full text screening. E-cigarettes have deleterious effects on the oral cavity tissues comprising of clinical findings of periodontium, gingiva, oral hygiene and micro-organism growth. In addition, there is a threat of serious injuries associated with e-cigarette explosion. In-vitro studies reveal e-cigarette use may lead to oxidative damage, altered morphology, reduced cell viability and cytotoxicity of oral epithelial and fibroblast cells. Conclusions: Though e-cigarettes have been found to be less harmful than the conventional cigarette smoking, there is a need to exercise caution while considering it as a smoking cessation tool. Longitudinal population-based studies are required for analyzing its in-vivo effect on oral tissues.

Keywords

E-Cigarette, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Oral Health, Oral Mucosal Lesions, Periodontium, Scoping Review .
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: A Report of the Surgeon General [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 22]. (Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General).Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK538680/

  • Smoking and Tobacco Use | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ index.htm

  • GATS2 (Global Adult Tobacco Survey) Fact Sheet, India, 2016-17. :4.

  • Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Gentzke AS, Apelberg BJ, Jamal A, King BA. Notes from the field: Use of electronic cigarettes and any tobacco product among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Nov 16; 67(45):1276–7. PMid: 30439875 PMCid: PMC6290807. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6745a5

  • Chaffee BW. Electronic cigarettes: Trends, health effects and advising patients amid uncertainty. J Calif Dent Assoc.2019 Feb; 47(2):85–92.

  • Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N, et al.Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 10(10):CD010216. Published 2020 Oct 14. PMid: 33052602 PMCid: PMC8094228.https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4

  • Martinez U, Simmons VN, Sutton SK, Drobes DJ, Meltzer LR, Brandon KO, Byrne MM, Harrell PT, Eissenberg T, Bullen CR, Brandon TH. Targeted smoking cessation for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Public Health.

  • Jul 1; 6(7):e500–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S24682667(20)30307-8

  • Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob Control. 2014 May; 23(Suppl 2):ii36–40. PMid: 24732161 PMCid: PMC3995250.https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051470

  • Sharan RN, Chanu TM, Chakrabarty TK, Farsalinos K. Patterns of tobacco and e-cigarette use status in India: A cross-sectional survey of 3000 vapers in eight Indian cities. Harm Reduction Journal. 2020 Dec; 17(1):1–1. PMid: 32228623 PMCid: PMC7106589. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00362-7

  • Tricco, AC, Lillie, E, Zarin, W, O’Brien, KK, Colquhoun, H, Levac, D, Moher, D, Peters, MD, Horsley, T, Weeks, L, Hempel, S et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169(7):467–73. PMid: 30178033. https://doi. org/10.7326/M18-0850

  • Akinkugbe AA. Cigarettes, E-cigarettes and Adolescents’ oral health: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. JDR Clin Transl Res. 2019; 4(3):276–83. PMid: 30931714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084418806870

  • Atuegwu NC, Perez MF, Oncken C, Thacker S, Mead EL, Mortensen EM. Association between regular electronic nicotine product use and self-reported periodontal disease status: Population assessment of tobacco and health survey.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 09; 16(7). PMid: 30970567 PMCid: PMC6479961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph16071263

  • ArRejaie AS, Al-Aali KA, Alrabiah M, Vohra F, Mokeem SA, Basunbul G, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine levels and peri-implant parameters among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and non-smokers. J Periodontol. 2019; 90(4):367–74.PMid: 30311944. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.18-0045

  • Wadia R, Booth V, Yap HF, Moyes DL. A pilot study of the gingival response when smokers switch from smoking to vaping. Br Dent J. 2016 Dec 9; 221(11):722–6. PMid: 27932811. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.914

  • Bustamante G, Ma B, Yakovlev G, Yershova K, Le C, Jensen J, et al. Presence of the carcinogen N’-Nitrosonornicotine in saliva of E-cigarette users. Chem Res Toxicol. 2018 20; 31(8):731–8. PMid: 30019582 PMCid: PMC8556657.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00089

  • Mokeem SA, Alasqah MN, Michelogiannakis D, Al-Kheraif AA, Romanos GE, Javed F. Clinical and radiographic periodontal status and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in cigarette - and waterpipesmokers and E-cig users. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jul; 61:38–43. PMid: 29843053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.016

  • Mokeem SA, Abduljabbar T, Al-Kheraif AA, Alasqah MN, Michelogiannakis D, Samaranayake LP, et al. Oral candida carriage among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and electronic cigarette users.Oral Dis. 2019 Jan; 25(1):319–26. PMid: 29800492.https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12902

  • Huilgol P, Bhatt SP, Biligowda N, Wright NC, Wells JM. Association of e-cigarette use with oral health: A population-based cross-sectional questionnaire study.J Public Health Oxf Engl. 2019; 41(2):354–61. PMid: 29788415 PMCid: PMC6636695. https://doi.org/10.1093/ pubmed/fdy082

  • Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Majorana A. Oral mucosal lesions in electronic cigarettes consumers versus former smokers. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018 Apr; 76(3):226–8. PMid: 29161938. https://doi.org/10.1080/000 16357.2017.1406613

  • Cho JH. The association between electronic-cigarette use and self-reported oral symptoms including cracked or broken teeth and tongue and/or inside-cheek pain among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2017; 12(7):e0180506. PMid: 28700729 PMCid: PMC5507461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180506

  • Harrison R, Hicklin D. Electronic cigarette explosions involving the oral cavity. J Am Dent Assoc 1939. 2016; 147(11):891–6. PMid: 27158079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2016.03.018

  • Brooks JK, Kleinman JW, Brooks JB, Reynolds MA.Electronic cigarette explosion associated with extensive intraoral injuries. Dent Traumatol Off Publ Int Assoc Dent Traumatol. 2017 Apr; 33(2):149–52. PMid: 27397137.https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12293

  • Rogér JM, Abayon M, Elad S, Kolokythas A. Oral trauma and tooth avulsion following explosion of e-cigarette. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Off J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Jun; 74(6):1181–5. PMid: 26850869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.12.017

  • Ganapathy V, Manyanga J, Brame L, McGuire D, Sadhasivam B, Floyd E, et al. Electronic cigarette aerosols suppress cellular antioxidant defenses and induce significant oxidative DNA damage. PloS One. 2017; 12(5):e0177780. PMid: 28542301 PMCid: PMC5436899.

  • https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177780

  • Ji EH, Sun B, Zhao T, Shu S, Chang CH, Messadi D, et al. Correction: Characterization of electronic cigarette aerosol and its induction of oxidative stress response in oral keratinocytes. PloS One. 2016; 11(12):e0169380. PMid: 28033425 PMCid: PMC5199031.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169380

  • Rouabhia M, Park HJ, Semlali A, Zakrzewski A, Chmielewski W, Chakir J. E-cigarette vapor induces an apoptotic response in human gingival epithelial cells through the Caspase-3 pathway. J Cell Physiol. 2017 Jun; 232(6):1539–47. PMid: 27808425. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jcp.25677

  • Yu V, Rahimy M, Korrapati A, Xuan Y, Zou AE, Krishnan AR, et al. Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines. Oral Oncol.2016 Jan; 52:58–65. PMid: 26547127 PMCid: PMC4891196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.018

  • Tommasi S, Caliri AW, Caceres A, Moreno DE, Li M, Chen Y, et al. Deregulation of biologically significant genes and associated molecular pathways in the oral epithelium of electronic cigarette users. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Feb 10; 20(3). PMid: 30744164 PMCid: PMC6386888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030738

  • Alanazi H, Park HJ, Chakir J, Semlali A, Rouabhia M.Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol Int J Publ Br Ind Biol Res Assoc. 2018 Aug; 118:390–8.PMid: 29800583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.049

  • Willershausen I, Wolf T, Weyer V, Sader R, Ghanaati S, Willershausen B. Influence of E-smoking liquids on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Head Face Med. 2014 Sep 15; 10:39. PMid: 25224853 PMCid: PMC4237808. https:// doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-10-39

  • Sundar IK, Javed F, Romanos GE, Rahman I.E-cigarettes and flavorings induce inflammatory and

  • pro-senescence responses in oral epithelial cells and periodontal fibroblasts. Oncotarget. 2016 Nov 22;

  • (47):77196–204. PMid: 27791204 PMCid: PMC5363580.https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12857

  • Sancilio S, Gallorini M, Cataldi A, Sancillo L, Rana RA,di Giacomo V. Modifications in human oral fibroblast ultrastructure, collagen production, and lysosomal compartment in response to electronic cigarette fluids. J Periodontol. 2017; 88(7):673–80. PMid: 28338391.https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.160629

  • Alanazi H, Semlali A, Chmielewski W, Rouabhia M.E-cigarettes increase candida albicans growth and modulate its interaction with gingival epithelial cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 21; 16(2). PMid: 30669681 PMCid: PMC6352080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020294

  • Cuadra GA, Smith MT, Nelson JM, Loh EK, Palazzolo DL. A comparison of flavorless electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and conventional cigarette smoke on the survival and growth of common oral commensal streptococci. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 14; 16(10). PMid: 31091650 PMCid: PMC6572406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph16101669 .


Abstract Views: 110

PDF Views: 0




  • Effects of E-cigarette on Oral Health – A Systematic Scoping Review .

Abstract Views: 110  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Priyanka R
M.D.S, Senior Resident, Division of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
Harpreet Kaur
M.D.S, Senior Resident, Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
O. P. Kharbanda
Pro Vice-Chancellor Health Sciences and Professor of Orthodontics, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India. Adjunct Professor, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia ., India
Harsh Priya
M.D.S, Associate Professor, Division of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
Anubhuti Sood
M.D.S, Senior Resident, Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India
Deepika Mishra
M.D.S, Associate Professor, Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi – 110029, India ., India

Abstract


Background: E-cigarettes have been perceived as a safer product compared to conventional cigarettes and have often been used for the purpose of cigarette smoking cessation. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a systematic review of the existing literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on human oral health and oral tissues. Methodology: Systematic literature search was undertaken and reviewed independently by two experts in online databases till May 2019. Both human and invitro studies were included. Guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were followed for reporting of the data. Results: A total of 24 studies were included following removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening and; full text screening. E-cigarettes have deleterious effects on the oral cavity tissues comprising of clinical findings of periodontium, gingiva, oral hygiene and micro-organism growth. In addition, there is a threat of serious injuries associated with e-cigarette explosion. In-vitro studies reveal e-cigarette use may lead to oxidative damage, altered morphology, reduced cell viability and cytotoxicity of oral epithelial and fibroblast cells. Conclusions: Though e-cigarettes have been found to be less harmful than the conventional cigarette smoking, there is a need to exercise caution while considering it as a smoking cessation tool. Longitudinal population-based studies are required for analyzing its in-vivo effect on oral tissues.

Keywords


E-Cigarette, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Oral Health, Oral Mucosal Lesions, Periodontium, Scoping Review .

References