Journal of Natural Remedies

Abstract

Peptic ulcer is a disorder that commonly has an effect on the digestive system. It is a chronic illness which has impact on approximately, 10% of the mankind. The majority of current therapy regimens are based on western medicine. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, which are commonly used to treat peptic ulcers, have been linked to side effects, relapses, and drug interactions. However, several investigations have shown that herbal medications can efficiently heal stomach ulcers in humans and animals using different processes. As a result, this review will focus on common plants with medicinal value which can be utilized to cure or prevent peptic ulcers.

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Abstract

Flavonoids are a sort of natural substance which are basically plant secondary metabolites having a polyphenolic structure present in a wide range of food products. Flavonoids have become a vital constituent in nutraceutical, pharmacological, therapeutic, and cosmetic fields. This is owing to their capability to regulate essential cellular enzyme activity along with anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Through the revelation of a minimal cardiovascular death rate and the deterrence of CHD, research on flavonoids has gotten a boost. The functional mechanisms of flavonoids are still not completely known. Molecular docking and bioinformatics information are also been used to forecast potential flavonoid functions. Flavonoids are divided into several categories. Catechins and Theaflavins (TF’s) are two types of flavonoids that have been discussed in this review. ROS scavenging property of tea catechins and polyphenols have been demonstrated in vitro, and they may also serve as indirect antioxidants via their influence on transcription features and enzyme actions. There are a number of antioxidant polyphenols called collectively as “theaflavins” that are produced during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes referred to mistakenly as “fermentation”) of black tea leaves by flavan-3-ol condensation Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3’-gallate, and theaflavin-3-3’-digallate are the major theaflavins.

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The present work describes three spectrophotometric methods for determining two phytoconstituent berberine hydrochloride and eugenol in formulated gels: simultaneous equation method, absorbance correction, and zero-crossing derivative method. In the simultaneous equation method, the absorbance at 263 nm and 280 nm and the absorbance correction method at 345 nm and 280 nm were measured and applied to their respective equation for the estimation of berberine hydrochloride and eugenol in phosphate buffer and formulated emulgel. The amplitudes of the first derivative spectra were measured at 252.5 nm for berberine hydrochloride and 263.5 nm for eugenol in zero-crossing crossing derivative spectrophotometry. For berberine hydrochloride and eugenol, linearity was attained in the concentration ranges of 4–20 and 2–10 μg/ml, respectively. Validation shows the applicability of the above procedures for the quantitative determination of berberine hydrochloride and eugenol. As a result, the presented method sucessfully estimated the aforesaid active phytoconstituent in formulated emulgel, with no interference from excipients.

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Diabetes is one of the main disease having many repercussions due to which there is a huge economic burden globally. Therefore, there is a need of good therapeutic intervention by using some nutraceuticals to combat this dreadful disease especially complications such as diabetic neuropathy where patients suffer from severe pain and disability. Therefore, nutraceuticals like coenzyme Q10 and metformin were used in this study to see how they are effective in alleviating the symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The animal experiments were conducted to induce neuropathy by using streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Animals were divided into five groups such as control, diabetic control, coenzyme Q10, metformin, and their combination. The nerve function test was conducted by using paw withdrawal response, tail-flick response, and muscular grip strength. Antioxidant parameters were assessed by estimating such MDA, SOD, and GSH. The sciatica nerve was isolated and a histopathological examination was conducted. Neuropathy was assessed in diabetic control animals which showed a substantial decrease in grip strength, increase in the paw withdrawal, and tail-flick response. It was found that there was a rapid improvement in nerve function test when a combination of coenzyme Q10 and metformin was given together as compared to animals given coenzyme Q10 and metformin alone. From this study, it is shown that combination therapy exhibited a better improvement in the nerve function test and control of the free radical generation which ultimately results in nerve damage.

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