Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Powell, Thomas C.
- Fallibilism and Organizational Research
Abstract Views :292 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Australian Graduate School of Management University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
1 Australian Graduate School of Management University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
Source
Journal of Management Research, Vol 1, No 4 (2001), Pagination: 201-219Abstract
Epistemology is the study of knowledge - of what is known and how we know it. Organizational epistemology is dominated by the dualist opposition of objectivist and subjectivist philosophies of science. Objectivists accept knowledge claims as potentially true and warranted on objective evidence, whereas subjectivists ground knowledge in perception, phenomenology and social construction. Though these two perspectives differ in their ontologies (the reality of constructs and relations) and methodologies (how these relations can be observed), both views accept that reliable organizational knowledge is possible. This paper introduces a third epistemological perspective - fallibilism - and shows how neglect of this third epistemology has constrained advance in the objectivist-subjectivist debate. Fallibilism, which challenges the foundations and reliability of knowledge claims, occupies a significant place in every major philosophical tradition, but contradicts the prevailing rhetoric of knowledge-claiming in organizational research, and has been systematically excluded from the debate. In this article we present the foundations and precepts of fallibilism, show how its absence has invited divisive and sectarian dogmatism, and explore its potential contributions to organizational research.Keywords
Fallibilism, Organizational Research, Dogmatism, EpistemologyReferences
- Albrow, Martin (1980), The Dialectic of Science and Values in the Study of Organizations, Control and Ideology in Organizations, pp. 278-296, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Astley, Graham (1985), Administrative Science as Socially Constructed Truth, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 497-513.
- Astley, W. Graham and Andrew H. Van de Ven (1983), Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory, Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 245-273.
- Barry, David and Michael Elmes (1997), Strategy Retold: Toward a Narrative View of Strategy Discourse, Academy of Management Review, 22(2): 429-452.
- Becker, Howard (1970), Sociological Work: Method and Substance, Aldine, Chicago.
- Berkeley, George (1929a), An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, Berkeley: Essay, Principles, Dialogues, ed. by Mary Whiton Calkins, pp. 1-98, Scribner’s, New York.
- Berkeley, George (1929b), A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Berkeley: Essay, Principles, Dialogues, ed. by Mary Whiton Calkins, pp. 99-216, Scribner’s, New York.
- Blackburn, Simon (1994), The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Blumer, Herbert (1969), Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Boudon, Raymond (1994), The Art of Self-Persuasion: The Social Explanation of False Beliefs, Polity Press, Cambridge.
- Bouwsma, O. K.(1995, c. 1949), Descartes’ Evil Genius, reprinted in Certainty, ed. By Jonathan Westphal, pp. 126-136, Indianapolis/Cambridge, Hackett.
- Burrell, Gibson and Gareth Morgan (1979), Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis, Heinemann, London.
- Calas, Marta and Linda Smircich (1991), Voicing Seduction to Silence Leadership, Organization Studies, pp. 567-602.
- Calas, Marta and Linda Smircich (1997), Postmodern Management Theory, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot.
- Carlyle, Thomas (1937), Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh, Doubleday, New York.
- Chisolm, Roderick M. (1996, c. 1988), The Evidence of the Senses, reprinted in On Knowing and the Known, ed. by Kenneth G. Lucey, pp. 357-373, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY.
- Clark, Michael (1963), Knowledge and Grounds: A Comment on Mr. Gettier’s Paper, Analysis, 24(2): 46-48.
- Clifford, James and George Marcus (eds.) (1986), Writing Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Derrida, Jacques (1976), Of Grammatology, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
- Descartes, Rene (1995), From the Meditations, reprinted in Certainty, ed. by Jonathan Westphal, pp. 13-27, Indianapolis/Cambridge, Hackett.
- Deutscher, Irwin (1973), What We Say/What we Do: Sentiments and Acts, Glenview, IL, Scott, Foresman.
- Douglas, Jack (ed.) (1970), Understanding Everyday Life: Toward the Reconstruction of Sociological Knowledge, Aldine, Chicago.
- Durkheim, Emile (1915), The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, Allen & Unwin, London.
- Feldman, Richard (1974), An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counterexamples, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 52(1): 68-69.
- Feyerabend, Paul (1978), Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, Verso, London.
- Foucault, Michel (1979), Discipline and Punish, Vintage, New York.
- Garfinkel, Harold (1967), Studies in Ethno methodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Gettier, Edmund L. (1963), Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Analysis, 23(6): 121-123.
- Gioia, Dennis and Evelyn Pitra (1990), Multiparadigm Perspectives on Theory-Building, Academy of Management Review, 15(4): 584-602.
- Goffman, Erving (1974), Frame Analysis, Harper & Row, New York.
- Habermas, Jurgen (1971), Knowledge and Human Interest, Beacon Press, Boston.
- Hambrick, Donald, Theresa Seung Cho and Ming Jer-Chen (1996), The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms’ Competitive Moves, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 659-684.
- Hinton, C. H. (1910), A New Era of Thought, George Allen & Unwin, London.
- Holm, Petter (1995), The Dynamics of Institutionalization: Transformation Processes in Norwegian Fisheries, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 398-444.
- Hospers, John (1956), An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
- Hume, David (1951), A Treatise of Human Nature, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Husserl, Edmund (1995), First Meditation: The Way to the Transcendental Ego, reprinted in Certainty, ed. by Jonathan Westphal, pp. 45-57, Indianapolis/Cambridge, Hackett.
- James, William (1907), Pragmatism, Green & Co., New York.
- Kahnemann, D. and A. Tversky (1982), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (2000), Choices, Values and Frames, Cambridge Press, New York.
- Kant, Immanuel (1965), Critique of Pure Reason, St. Martin’s, New York.
- Kierkegaard, Soren (1941), Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments, translated by David F. Swenson, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Kierkegaard, Soren (1962), Philosophical Fragments or A Fragment of Philosophy, translated by David F. Swenson, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Kilduff, Martin and Ajay Mehra (1997), Postmodernism and Organizational Research, Academy of Management Review, 22(2): 453-481.
- Klein, Peter (1971), A Proposed Definition of Propositional Knowledge, Journal of Philosophy, 68(16): 471-482.
- Klein, Peter (1979), Misleading “Misleading Defeaters”, Journal of Philosophy, 76(7): 382-386.
- Knights, David (1992), Changing Spaces: The Disruptive Impact of New Epistemological Location for the Study of Management, Academy of Management Review, 17(3): 514-536.
- Kuhn, Thomas (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Laertius, Diogenes (1931), Lives of Eminent Philosophers: Volumes I and II, Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library), Cambridge, MA.
- Lehrer, Keith (1996, c. 1979), The Gettier Problem and the Analysis of Knowledge, reprinted in On Knowing and the Known, ed. by Kenneth G. Lucey, pp. 75-88, Prometheus Books, NY.
- Lehrer, Keith and Thomas Paxson, Jr. (1969), Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief, Journal of Philosophy, 66(8): 225-237.
- Levy, Bruhl L. (1975), The Notebooks on Primitive Mentality, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
- Levy, Steven R. (1978), Misleading Defeaters, Journal of Philosophy, 75(12): 739-742.
- Lewis, Clive Staples (1970), The Laws of Nature, from God in the Dock, pp. 77-79.
- Lucey, Kenneth G. (1996), Introduction, in On Knowing and the Known, ed. by Kenneth G. Lucey, pp. 9-28, Prometheus Books, NY.
- Lucey, Kenneth G. (1996, c. 1976), Scales of Epistemic Appraisal, reprinted in On Knowing and the Known, ed. by Kenneth G. Lucey, pp. 301-309, Prometheus Books, NY.
- Malcolm, Norman (1963), Knowledge and Certainty: Essays and Lectures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Malcolm, Norman (1967), Knowledge and Belief, in Knowledge and Belief, ed. by J. Phillips Griffiths, pp. 69-81, Oxford University Press, London.
- Mannheim, Karl (1954), Ideology and Utopia, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
- Monk, Ray (1990), Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, Jonathan Cape, London.
- Montaigne, Michel de (1948), An Apology of Raymond Sebond, from Essays, vol. 2, trans. by John Florio, J. M. Dent & Sons, London.
- Moore, G. E. (1995), Certainty, reprinted in Certainty, ed. by Jonathan Westphal, pp. 58-80, Indianapolis/Cambridge, Hackett.
- Morgan, Gareth, and Linda Smircich (1980), The Case for Qualitative Research, Academy of Management Review, 5: 491-500.
- Naess, Arne (1968), Scepticism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
- Ouspensky, P. D. (1982, c. 1920), Tertium Organum: The Third Canon of Thought, Vintage, New York.
- Parker, Martin (1992), Post-Modern Organizations or Postmodern Organization Theory?, Organization Studies, 13(1): 1-17.
- Peirce, C. S. (1955, c. 1896), The Scientific Attitude and Fallibilism, The Philosophical Writings of C. S. Peirce, edited by Justus Buchler, pp. 42-59, Dover, New York.
- Perrow, Charles (1972), Complex Organizations, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
- Pfeffer, Jeffrey (1982), Organizations and Organization Theory, Pitman, Boston.
- Pfeffer, Jeffrey (1993), Barriers to the Advance of Organizational Science: Paradigm Development as a Dependent Variable, Academy of Management Review, 18: 599-620.
- Pollock, John (1996, c. 1986), The Gettier Problem, reprinted in On Knowing and the Known, ed. by Kenneth G. Lucey, pp. 89-101, Prometheus Books, NY.
- Popkin, Richard (1967), Scepticism, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7: 449-461, MacMillan, New York.
- Popkin, Richard (1979), The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza, University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Popkin, Richard (1980), The High Road to Pyrrhonism, Austin Hill Press, San Diego.
- Popkin, Richard (1988), Intellectual Autobiography: Warts and All, from The Sceptical Mode in Modern Philosophy, ed. by Richard Watson & James Force, pp. 103-149, Martin Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
- Powell, Thomas C., Competitive Advantage: Logical and Philosophical Considerations, Strategic Management Journal, Sept., 2001.
- Price, H. H. (1933), Perception, Methuen, London.
- Price, H. H. (1967), Some Considerations about Belief, in Knowledge and Belief, ed. by J. Phillips Griffiths, pp. 41-59, Oxford University Press, London.
- Pritchard, H. A. (1950), Knowledge and Perception, Oxford University Press, London.
- Pritchard, H. A. (1967), Knowing and Believing, in Knowledge and Belief, ed. by J. Phillips Griffiths, pp. 60-68, Oxford University Press, London.
- Rescher, Nicholas (1980), Scepticism: A Critical Reappraisal, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
- Rorty, Richard (1972), The World Well Lost, Journal of Philosophy, 69: 649-655.
- Rozeboom, William (1967), Why I Know So Much More than You Do, American Philosophical Quarterly, 4: 281-290.
- Sanchez, Francisco (1988), That Nothing is Known, trans. by Douglas F. S. Thomson, Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
- Saunders, John Turk and Narayan Champawat (1964), Mr. Clark’s Definition of ‘Knowledge’, Analysis, 25(1): 8-9.
- Schiller, Ferdinand C. S. (1924), Problems of Belief, Hodder & Stoughton, London.
- Sewell, Graham (1998), The Discipline of Teams: The Control of Team-based Industrial Work through Electronic and Peer Surveillance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 397-428.
- Sextus Empiricus (1961), Outlines of Pyrrhonism, from Sextus Empiricus, vols. I-IV, translated by R. G. Bury, Heinemann, London.
- Silverman, David (1970), The Theory of Organisations, Heinemann, London.
- Simmel, Georg (1978, c. 1900), The Philosophy of Money, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
- Sosa, Ernest (1995), Skepticism, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. by Robert Audi, pp. 738-741, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Stough, Charlotte (1969), Greek Skepticism: A Study in Epistemology, University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Stroud, Barry (1984), The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Turner, Ralph (1974), Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Baltimore.
- Unger, Peter (1975), Ignorance: A Case for Skepticism, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Van Maanen, John (1988), Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Walsh, W. H. (1963), Metaphysics, Hutchinson & Co., London.
- Weber, Max (1968, c. 1922), Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Bedminster Press, New York.
- Westphal, Jonathan, editor (1995), Certainty, Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1995), On Certainty, reprinted in Certainty, ed. by Jonathan Westphal, pp. 81-103, Indianapolis/Cambridge, Hackett.
- Firm Performance and the Axis of Errors
Abstract Views :319 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dean of Research Said Business School Oxford University Fellow in Economics and Management St. Hughs College, Oxford, GB
2 EDHEC Business School, Nice, FR
1 Dean of Research Said Business School Oxford University Fellow in Economics and Management St. Hughs College, Oxford, GB
2 EDHEC Business School, Nice, FR
Source
Journal of Management Research, Vol 7, No 2 (2007), Pagination: 59-77Abstract
Firms sometimes fail to capture opportunities, fail to imitate perfectly-imitable resources, and do not solve their solvable problems. The persistence of errors creates intra-industry performance variation that is usually attributed to the competitive advantages of successful firms. However, firms compete on two axes: the axis of competitive advantage, where performance is driven by the inimitable resources and capabilities of high-performing firms; and the axis of errors, where performance is driven by failures to attend to the activities, resources and opportunities that are equally available to all firms. This paper investigates the latter, showing how errors produce performance variation not attributable to competitive advantages, and discussing their consequences for strategy theory, empirical research and management practice.Keywords
Competitive Advantage, Organizational Errors, Competitive DisadvantageReferences
- Abrahamson, E. and Park, C. (1994), Concealment of Negative Organizational Outcomes: An Agency Theory Perspective, Academy of Management Journal, 37: 1302-1335.
- Ahuja, G., Coff, R. W. and Lee, P. M. (2005), Managerial Foresight and Attempted Rent Appropriation: Insider Trading on Knowledge of Imminent Breakthroughs, Strategic Management Journal, 26: 791-808.
- Aigner, D. J., Lovell, C. A. K. and Schmidt, P. (1977), Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models, Journal of Econometrics, 6: 21-37.
- Andrews, K. (1965), The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Irwin, Homewood.
- Ansoff, H. I. (1965), Corporate Strategy. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Arend, R. J. (2003), Revisiting the Logical and Research Considerations of Competitive Advantage, Strategic Management Journal, 24: 279-284.
- Arend, R. J. (2004), The Definition of Strategic Liabilities, and their Impact on Firm Performance, Journal of Management Studies, 41: 1003-1027.
- Barney, J. B. (1986), Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy, Management Science, 32: 1231-1241.
- Barney, J. (1991), Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
- Barrett, F. J. (1998), Creativity and Improvisation in Jazz and Organizations: Implications for Organizational Learning, Organization Science, 9(5): 605-622.
- Bergsman, J. (1974), Commercial Policy, Allocative Efficiency, and X-efficiency, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88: 409-433.
- Blyler, M. B. and Coff, R. W. (2003), Dynamic Capabilities, Social Capital, and Rent Appropriation: Ties that Split Pies, Strategic Management Journal, 24: 677-686.
- Bradley, G. W. (1978), Self-serving Biases in the Attribution Process: A Reexamination of the Fact and Fiction Question, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36: 56-71.
- Button, K. J. (1985), Potential Differences in X-inefficiency between Industrial Sectors in the United Kingdom, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 25: 85-95.
- Button, K. J. and Weyman-Jones, T. G. (1992), Ownership Structure, Institutional Organization, and Measured X-efficiency, American Economic Review, 82: 439-445.
- Caves, R. E. and Barton, D. R. (1990), Efficiency in U. S. Manufacturing Industries. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Caves R. E. and Porter M. E. (1977), From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91(2): 241-262
- Coff, R. W. (1999), When Competitive Advantage Doesnt Lead to Performance: The Resource-based View and Stakeholder Bargaining Power, Organization Science, 10: 119-213.
- Cubbin, J. and Geroski, P. (1987), The Convergence of Profits in the Long Run: Inter-firm and Inter-industry Comparisons, Journal of Industrial Economics, 35: 427-442.
- DAveni, R. A. (1994), Hypercompetition. Free Press, New York.
- Denrell, J. (2004), Random Walks and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Management Science, 50: 922-934.
- Denrell, J. (2003), Vicarious Learning, Undersampling of Failure, and the Myths of Management, Organization Science, 14(3): 227- 243.
- Dierickx, I. and Cool K. (1989), Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage, Management Science, 35: 1504-1511.
- Dixit, A. K. and Pindyck, R. S. (1994), Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
- Durand, R. (2002), Competitive Advantages Exist: A Critique of Powell. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 867-872.
- Fama, E. and French K. R.. (2000), Forecasting Profitability and Earnings, The Journal of Business, 73: 161-176.
- Farrell, M. J. (1957), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, Part III, 120: 253- 281.
- Finkelstein, S. (2003), Why Smart Executives Fail. Penguin Books, New York.
- Folkes, V. S. (1988), Recent Attribution Research in Consumer Behaviour: A Review and New Directions, Journal of Consumer Research, 14: 548-565.
- Frantz, R. (1988), X-efficiency: Theory, Evidence and Applications. Kluwer, Boston.
- Frantz, R. (1992), X-efficiency and Allocative Efficiency: What have We Learned? American Economic Review, 82: 434-438.
- Friedman, M. (1953), Essays in Positive Economics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Ghemawat, P. (1991), Commitment. The Free Press, New York.
- Ghemawat, P. (2002), Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective, Business History Review, Spring: 37-74.
- Gimeno, J. Folta, T., Cooper, A. and Woo, C. (1997), Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 750-783.
- Goddard, J. and Wilson J. (1999), The Persistence of Profit: A New Empirical Interpretation, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17: 663-687.
- Grant, R. and Spender, J. C. (1996), Knowledge and the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 17: 5-10.
- Hayes, R. H. and Upton, D. M. (1998), Operations-based Strategy, California Management Review, 40(4): 8-25.
- Henderson, B. (1970), Perspectives on Experience. Boston Consulting Group Publishing, Boston.
- Jacobides, M. (2006), New Frontiers in Competition and Industry Structure, paper presented at McKinsey Global Practice Conference, Berlin.
- Jacobsen, R. (1988), The Persistence of Abnormal Returns, Strategic Management Journal, 9: 415-430.
- Jameson, K. (1972), Comment of the Theory and Measurement of Dynamic X-efficiency, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86: 313- 326.
- Johnston, J. (1963), The Productivity of Management Consultants, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 237-249.
- Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1984), Choices, Values and Frames, American Psychologist, 39: 341-350.
- Kamien, M. and Schwartz, N. (1981), Dynamic Optimization: The Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control in Economics and Management. North-Holland, New York.
- Koopmans, T. (1951), Efficient Allocation of Resources, Econometrica, 19: 455-465.
- Kumbhakar, S. C. (1988), Estimation of Input-specific Technical and Allocative Inefficiency in Stochastic Frontier Models, Oxford Economic Papers, 40: 535-549.
- Learned, E. P., Christensen, C. R., Andrews, K. R. and Guth, W. D. (1965), Business Policy: Text and Cases. Irwin, Homewood. Leibenstein, H. (1966), Allocative Efficiency vs. X-efficiency, American Economic Review, 56: 392-415.
- Leibenstein, H. (1976), Beyond Economic Man. Harvard Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Leibenstein, H. and Maital, S. (1992), Empirical Estimation and Partitioning of X-inefficiency: A Data-envelopment Approach, American Economic Review, 82: 428-433.
- Leonard-Barton, D. (1992), Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development, Strategic Management Journal, 13: 111-125.
- Levinthal, D. L. (1991), Random Walks and Organizational Mortality, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 397-420.
- Levinthal, D. L. (2006), Crossing an Apparent Chasm: Bridging Mindful and Less-mindful Perspectives on Organizational Learning, Organizational Science, 17: 502-513.
- Lippman, S. A. and Rumelt, R. P. (2003), The Bargaining Perspective on Resource Analysis, Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1069- 1086.
- Lowenstein, R. (2000), When Genius Failed. Random House, New York.
- March, J. G. (2006), Rationality, Foolishness, and Adaptive Intelligence, Strategic Management Journal, 27: 201-214.
- McGahan, A. (1999), The Performance of US Corporations: 1981-1994, Journal of Industrial Economics, 47: 373-395.
- McGahan, A. and Porter, M. E. (1997), How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?, Strategic Management Journal, 18: 5-14.
- Meeusen, W. and Van den Broeck, J. (1977), Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error, International Economic Review, 18: 435-444.
- Miller, D. (1992), The Icarus Paradox: How Exceptional Companies Bring About Their Own Downfall. Harper Collins, New York.
- Miller, D. (1993), The Architecture of Simplicity, The Academy of Management Review, 18: 116-139.
- Miller, D. and Shamsie, J. (1996), The Resource-based View of the Firm in Two Environments: The Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965, Strategic Management Journal, 39(3): 519-543.
- Miller, D. T. and Ross, M. (1975), Self Serving Biases in Attribution of Causality: Fact or Fiction, Psychological Bulletin, 82: 213-225
- Montgomery, C. A. (1995), Resource-Based and Evolutionary Theories of The Firm: Towards a Synthesis. Kluwer, Boston. Mueller, D. (1986), Profits in the Long-Run. Cambridge Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Ocasio, W. (1997), Towards an Attention-based View of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 18: 187-206.
- Peristiani, S. (1997), Do Mergers Improve the X-efficiency and Scale Efficiency of US Banks? Evidence from the 1980s, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29: 326-337.
- Peteraf, M. A. (1993), The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View, Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179- 191.
- Pfeffer, J. and Sutton, R. I. (1999), Knowing What to Do is not Enough: Turning Knowledge into Actions, California Management Review, 42(1): 83-108.
- Pfeffer, J. and Sutton, R. I. (2000), The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
- Postrel, S. and Rumelt, R. P. (1992), Incentives, Routines and Self-command, Industrial and Corporate Change, 1(3): 397-425.
- Powell, T. C. (2001), Competitive Advantage: Logical and Philosophical Considerations, Strategic Management Journal, 23: 873-880.
- Powell, T. C. (2002), The Philosophy of Strategy, Strategic Management Journal, 23: 873-880.
- Powell, T. C. (2003), Varieties of Competitive Parity, Strategic Management Journal, 24: 61-86.
- Powell, T. C. (2004), Strategy, Execution and Idle Rationality, Journal of Management Research, 4(2): 77-98.
- Powell, T. C. and Lloyd, C. (2005), Toward a General Theory of Competitive Dominance: Comments and Extensions on Powell (2003), Strategic Management Journal, 26: 385-395.
- Priem, R. L. and Butler, J. E. (2001), Is the Resource-based View a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Academy of Management Review, 28: 22-40.
- Primeaux, W. J. (1977), An Assessment of X-efficiency Gained through Competition, Review of Economics and Statistics, 59: 105- 108.
- Probst, G. and Raisch, S. (2005), Organizational Crisis: The Logic of Failure, Academy of Management Executive, 19: 90-105.
- Ray, G., Barney, J. B. and Muhanna, W. A. (2004), Capabilities, Business Processes, and Competitive Advantage: Choosing the Dependent Variable in Empirical Tests of the Resources-based View, Strategic Management Journal, 25: 23-37.
- Ross, S. (1973), The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principals Problem, American Economic Review, 63: 134-139.
- Rumelt, R. P. (1984), Towards a Strategic Theory of the Firm, in R. B. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, pp. 556-570. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Rumelt, R. P. (1991), How Much Does Industry Matter? Strategic Management Journal, 12(3): 167-185.
- Rumelt, R. P, Schendel, D. E. and Teece, D. J. (eds.) (1994), Fundamental Issues in Strategy. Harvard University Press, Boston.
- Salter, W. E. (1960), Productivity and Technical Change. Cambridge Press, Cambridge, UK
- Schendel, D. E. and Hofer, C. W. (eds). (1979), Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning. Little Brown & Co., Boston.
- Schmalansee, R. (1985), Do Markets Differ Much? American Economic Review, 75: 341-351.
- Shelton, J. P. (1967), Allocative Efficiency vs. X-efficiency Comment, American Economic Review, 57: 1252-1258.
- Shen, T. Y. (1973), Technology Diffusion, Substitution and X-efficiency, Econometrica, 41: 263-284.
- Simon, H. A. (1993), Strategy and Organizational Evolution, Strategic Management Journal, 14: 131-142.
- Sull, D. N. (2003), Revival of the Fittest: Why Good Companies Go Bad and How Great Managers Remake Them. Harvard Press, Cambridge.
- Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997), Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18: 509-533.
- Tripsas, M. and Gavetti, G. (2000), Capabilities, Cognition, and Inertia: Evidence from Digital Imaging, Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1147-1161.
- Tsang, E. W. K. (2006), Behavioral Assumptions and Theory Development: The Case of Transaction Cost Economics, Strategic Management Journal, 27: 999-1011.
- Vermeulen, F. (2006), How Bad Practice Prevails: A Model of the Diffusion and Persistence of Detrimental Management Practice, paper presented at the Strategic Management Society Conference, Vienna.
- Waring, G. (1996), Industry Differences in the Persistence of Firm-specific Returns, American Economic Review, 86: 1253-1264.
- Weitzel, W. and Johnson, E. (1989), Decline in Organizations: A Literature Integration and Extension, Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 91-109.
- Wernerfelt, B. (1984), A Resource-based View of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 5(1): 171-180.
- West, G. P. and DeCastro J. (2001), The Achilles Heel of Firm Strategy: Resource Weaknesses and Distinctive Inadequacies, The Journal of Management Studies, 38: 417-442.
- Wiggins, R. R. and Ruefli, T. W. (2002), Sustained Competitive Advantage: Temporal Dynamics and the Incidence and Persistence of Superior Economic Performance, Organization Science, 13: 82-105.
- Wiggins, R. R and Reufli, T. W. (2005), Schumpeters Shost: Is Hypercompetition Making the Best of Times Shorter?, Strategic Management Journal, 26: 887-911.
- Williamson, O. E. (1991), Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization, Strategic Management Journal, 12: 75-94. Womack, J. P. and Jones, D. T. (2003), Lean Thinking. Simon & Schuster, London.