Journal of Biological Control

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Exploitation of Semiochemicals for the Management of Pest and Beneficial Insects with Special Emphasis on Cotton Cropping Systems in Australia: A Review


Affiliations
1 NSW Department of Primary Industries , Australian Cotton Research Institute and Cotton Catchment Communities CRC, Locked Bag 1000, Narrabri, NSW 23, Australia
2 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 40, Australia
 

This paper examines semiochemicals, substances or mixtures of substances produced by one species that influence the behaviour of receptor organisms, from the perspective of their potential in a sustainable pest management context. Particular reference is made to Helicoverpa spp. and their natural enemies on cotton and to those chemical components derived from the inner tissues and organ surfaces of plants The post-alightment behavioural sequence of insect pests such as Helicoverpa spp. which lay eggs on plants which are not a food source, includes the sensing of small quantities of many types of chemical substances that may include free amino acids, organic acids, sugars, secondary metabolites, vitamins, minerals, growth regulators, etc. Detection of these substances on the leaf or organ surfaces of the plant provides specific information to the female insect on plant health, physiology and nutrition that guides the insect to either accept or reject the plant for oviposition. Three behaviour manipulation methods for pest management have been identified as (1) a behaviour of the pest, (2) a means by which the behaviour is manipulated appropriately, and (3) a method that utilizes the behavioural manipulation method for the protection of the resource from the pest. Stimuli that act over long distance such as chemical stimuli (e.g. attractants and repellents) and visual stimuli influence the insect's encounter with the plant. After the insect has landed, short range stimuli such as stimulants and deterrents, which occur on the organ or leaf surfaces of the plant, guide the insect to either accept or reject the plant for oviposition or feeding. In terms of beneficial insects, stimuli that act over long distances (eg. Food spray products) can be used to attract and conserve natural enemies of pests, enhancing their effectiveness as pest control agents. Food spray products attract natural enemies to an area through volatile compounds emitted by the products to increase the predator to prey ratio, predator searching activity and predation of pests in the cropping system. There is potential for plants which are not normally encountered by pest or beneficial insect species to function as a source of behaviour-modifying chemical signals, perhaps having different effects on different pests and beneficial insects. In general, semiochemicals are inherently different from synthetic insecticides in terms of their efficacy and impact on the environment and human health.

Keywords

Helicoverpa Armigera, Helicoverpa Punctigera, Semiochemical, Integrated Pest Management, Secondary Plant Compounds, Attractants, Repellents, Deterrents.
User
Notifications

  • Adamson, D., Thomas G. and Dave E. 1997. An economic estimate of Helicoverpa’s effect on Australian Agriculture Production. Helicoverpa series Report 1. CRC For Tropical Pest Management, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 23 pp. Ave, D. A. 1995. Stimulation of feeding: insect control agents, pp. 345–363. In: Chapman, F. and De Boer, G. J. (Eds). Regulatory Mechanisms in Insect Feeding,. Chapman and Hall, New York.

  • Baker, T. C. 1982. Pheromones and flight behaviour, pp. 231–255. In: Goldsworthy, G. J. and Wheeler, C. H. (Eds.), Insect flight,. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

  • Bernays, E. A. 1983. Antifeedants in crop pest management, pp. 259–271. In: Whitehead, D. L. and Bowers, W. S. (Eds.), Natural Products for Innovative Pest Management, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

  • Bernays, E. A. and Chapman, R. F. 1994. Host plant selection by Phytophagous Insects. Chapman and Hall, London. Blaney, W. M. and Chapman, R. F. 1970. The functions of maxillary palps of Acrididae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 13: 363–376.

  • Britton, D. R., Gregg, P. and Del Socorro, A. 2002. Attract and kill formulations for Helicoverpa armigera males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), pp. 259–265. Proceedings 11th Australian Cotton Conference, Brisbane, Queensland,, Australia.

  • Bucovac, M. J., Flore, J. A. and Baker, E. A. 1979. Peach leaf surfaces: changes in wettability, retention, cuticular permeability and epecuticular wax chemistry during expansion with special reference to spray application. Journal American Society Horticultural Science, 104: 611–617.

  • Carde, R. T. and Minks, A. K. 1995. Chemical Ecology of Insects 2, Chapman and Hall, New York, 433 pp. Chapman, R. F. 1977. Sensory aspects of host-plant recognition by Acridoidea: questions associated with the multiplicity of receptors and variability of response. Journal of Insect Physiology, 34: 167–174.

  • Charmel, A. 1986. Foliar absorption of herbicides: study of the citicular penetration using isolated cuticles. Physiollogie Vegetale, 24: 491–508.

  • Charmillot, P. J. and Hofer, D. 1997. Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella by attract and kill formulation. Technology Transfer in Mating Disruption. IOBC WPRS Bulletin, 20: 139–140.

  • Charmilot, P. J., Hofer, D. and Pasquier, D. 2000. Attract and kill: a new method for control of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 94: 211–216.

  • Chew, F. and Robbins, R. K. 1984. Egg laying in butterflies. In: The Biology of Butterflies, 13, Academic Press, London. Cullen, J. M. 1969. The production and survival of Helicoverpa punctigera in South Australia, University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, South Australia.

  • Cunningham, R. T. and Steiner, L. F. 1972. Field trial of Cue – Lure and naled on saturated fibreboard blocks for control of the melon fly by the male-annihilation technique. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65: 505–507.

  • Del Socorro, A. and Gregg, P. 2004. Attract and kill for Helicoverpa moths – a new tool for area wide pest management, pp. 721–728. In: The 12th Australian Cotton Conference, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia.

  • Del Socorro, A., Gregg, P., Tennant, R. and Moore, C. 2003. Attract and kill heliothis for low pressure season. Australian Cotton Grower, 24: 14–19.

  • Derridj, S., Gregoire, V., Boutin, J. P. and Fiala, V. 1989. Plant growth stages in the interspecific oviposition preference of European corn borer and relation with chemicals present on the leaf surface. Entomologia Experimantalis et Applicata, 53: 267–276.

  • Derridj, S., Fiala, V., Barry, P., Robert, P., Roessingh, P. and Stadler, E. 1992. Role of nutrients found in the phylloplane, in the insect host-plant selection for oviposition, pp 139– 140. In: SBJ Menken, S. B. J., Visser, J. H. and P. Harrewijn, (Eds.). Proceedings 8th International Symposium of Insect- Plant Relationships, Kluwer Academic, Dordrechrt..

  • Derridj, S., Fiala, V. and Jolivet, E. 1986. Increase of European corn borer oviposition induced by treatment of maize plants with maleic hydrazide: role of leaf carbohydrate content. Entomologia Experimantalis et Applicata, 41: 305–310.

  • Derridj, S. and Fiala, V. 1983. Sucres solubles des feuilles de mais (Zea mays L.) et oviposition de la pyrales (Ostrinia nubilalis). C R Acad. Agric. De Fr., 7: 465–472.

  • De Souza, K. R. and McVeigh, L. J. 1992. Selection of insecticides for lure and kill studies against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85: 2100–2106.

  • Dethier, V. G., Browne, L. B. and Smith, K. 1960. The designation of chemicals in terms of the responses they elicit from insects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 53: 134–136.

  • Downham, M. C. A., McVeigh, L. J. and Moawad, G. M. 1995. Field investigation of an attracticide control technique using the sex pheromone of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85: 463–472.

  • Eigenbrode, S. D. and Espelie, K. E. 1995. Effects of plant epicuticular lipids on insect herbivores. Annual Review of Entomology, 40: 171–194.

  • El-Sayed, A. M., Suckling, D. M., Byers, J. A., Jang, E. B. and Wearing, C. H. 2009. Potential of “Lure and Kill” in long term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 815–835.

  • Elzen, G. W, Williams, H. J., Bell, A. A., Stipanovic, R. D. and Vinson, S. B. 1985. Quantification of volatile terpenes of glanded and glandless Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars and lines by gas chromatography. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 33: 1079–1083.

  • Fitt, G. P. 1989. The ecology of Helicoverpa in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 34: 17–52.

  • Fitt, G. P. 1994. Cotton Pest Management: Part 3. An Australian perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 39: 543–562.

  • Feeny, P., Rosenberry, L. and Carter, M. 1983. Chemical aspects of oviposition behaviour in butterflies, pp. 27–76. In: Ahmad, S. (Ed). Herbivorous insects, Host-seeking Behaviour and Mechanisms, Academic Press, New York.

  • Fiala, V., Glad, C., Martin, M., Jolivet, E. and Derridj, S. 1990. Occurrence of soluble carbohydrates on the phylloplane of maize: Variations in relation to leaf heterogeneity and position on the plants. New Phytologist, 115: 609–615.

  • Fiala, V., Derridj, S. and Jolivet, E. 1985. Influence de la teneur en glucides solubles des feuilles de Zea mays L. sur le choix de site de ponte de la pyrale, Ostrinia nubilalis. Agronomie, 5: 927–932

  • Foster, S. P. and Harris, M. O. 1997. Behavioural manipulation methods for insect pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 42: 123–146.

  • Futuyama, D. F. 1983. Selective factors in the evolution of host choice by phytophagour insects, pp. 227–244. In: Ahmad, S. (Ed). Herbivorous Insects, Host-seeking behaviour and Mechanism, Academic, New York.

  • Grundy, P., Short, S., Hawes, A., Zalucki, M. and Gregg, P. 2006. Moth busting for Bt resistance management. In: The 13th Australian Cotton Conference, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia [CD ROM].

  • Hartlieb, E. A. and Rembold, H. 1996. Behavioural response of female Helicoverpa armigera moths to synthetic pigeon pea kairomones. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22: 821–837.

  • Haynes, K. F., Li, W. G. and Baker, T. C. 1986. Control of pink bollworm moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with insecticides and pheromones (attracticide): Lethal and sub-lethal effects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79: 1466–1471.

  • Hearn, A. B. and Fitt, G. P. 1992. Cotton cropping systems, pp. 85–142. In: Pearson, C. G. (Ed.), Field crop Ecosystems of the World 5, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.

  • Hedin, P. A. 1976. Seasonal variation in the emission of volatiles by cotton plants growing in the field. Environmental Entomology, 69: 144–146.

  • Hedin, P. A., Parrott, W. L., Jenkins, J. N., Mulrooney, J. E. and Menn, J. J. 1988. Elucidating mechanisms of tobacco budworm resistance to allelochemicals by dietary tests with insecticide synergists. Pest Biochemistry and Physiology, 32: 55–61.

  • Hofer, D. 1997. Attract and kill: another step forward-first sales of Sirene® CM, pp. 8–9. In: Scheurer, R. (Ed.), Insecticides Newsletter. Novartis Crop Protection, Basel, Switzerland. Hopper, C. P. 1981. The behaviour and population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera in the Sudan Gezira, Ph. D. Thesis, Cransfield University, UK.

  • International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), 2006. Cotton World Statistics, ICAC, Washington, 127 pp.

  • Jackson, D. M., Severson, R. F., Johnson, A. W., Chaplin, J. F. and Stephensen, M. G. 1984. Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm moths to cultural chemical isolates from green tobacco leaves. Environmental Entomology, 13: 1023–1030.

  • Jackson, D. M., Severson, R. F., Sisson, V. A. and Stephenson, M. G. 1991. Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm moths to cuticular labdanes and sucrose esters from the green leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa L. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17: 2489–2506.

  • Jallow, M. F. A. 1998. Host plant selection and use by Helicoverpa armigera: Individual variation within and among populations. Australian Journal of Ecology, 23: 187–188.

  • Jones, O. J. 1998. Lure and kill, pp. 280–299. In: Howse, P. E., Stevens, I. D. R. and Jones, O. T. (Eds.). Insect Pheromones and their use in pest management. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.

  • Kelly, J., Bryant, R. L., Nichols, C. T., Allen, N., Ray-Benson, F. M., Bourland, L. D., Earnest, M. S., Kharboutli, K., Smith, L. and Webster, E. P. 2003. Transgenic cotton cultivars: an economic comparison in Arkansas. Journal of Cotton Science, 7: 194–204.

  • Kennedy, J. S. 1978. The concepts of olfactory “arrestment” and “attraction”. Physiological Entomology, 3: 91-98.

  • Khan, Z. R., Ciepiela, A. and Norris, D. M. 1987. Behavioural and physiological responses of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, to steam distillates from resistant versus susceptible soybean plants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13: 1903–1915.

  • Kogan, M. 1977. The role of chemical factors in insect-plant relationship, pp. 211–227. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Entomology, Washington.

  • Krieger, J., Gänssle, H., Raming, K. and Breer, H. 1993. Odorant binding proteins of Heliothis virescens. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 23: 449–456.

  • Langley, P. A., Felton, T., Stafford, K. and Oouch, H. 1990. Formulation of pyriproxifen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4: 127–133.

  • Maida, R., Mameli, M., Müller, B., Krieger, J. and Steinbrecht, R. A. 2005. The expression pattern of four odorant-binding proteins in male and female silk moths, Bombyx mori. Journal of Neurocytology, 34: 149–163.

  • Mensah, R. K., Vodouhe, D. S., Sanfillippo, D., Assogba, G. and Monday P. 2011. Increasing organic cotton production in Benin West Africa with a supplementary food spray product to manage pests and beneficial insects. International Journal of Pest Management (In press).

  • Mensah, R. K. and Macpherson, I. 2010. Lure-and-kill as reduced risk strategy for managing Helicoverpa spp. on conventional cotton crops within transgenic cotton fields. Journal of Biological Control, 24: 91–103.

  • Mensah, R. K. 2002a. Development of integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part 1: Establishing and utilizing natural enemies. International Journal of Pest Management, 48: 87–94

  • Mensah, R. K. 2002b. Development of integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part 2: Integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system, food supplement sprays with biological and synthetic insecticides. International Journal of Pest Management, 48: 95–106.

  • Mensah, R. K. 2000. Conservation and utilization of beneficial insects for pest management programs in cotton systems in Australia. ICAC Recorder, 28: 8–14.

  • Mensah, R. K., Verneau, S. and Frerot, B. 2000. Deterence of oviposition of adult Ostrinia nubilalis by a natural enemy food supplement Envirofeast on maize in France. International Journal of Pest Management, 46: 49–53.

  • Mensah, R. K. 1997. Local density responses of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. to food spray in commercial cotton farms in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management, 43: 221–225.

  • Mensah, R. K. and Madden, J. L. 1992. Field studies of colour preferences of Ctenarytaina thysanura in Tasmanian boronia farms. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 64: 111–115.

  • Mensah, R. K. 1996. Suppression of Helicoverpa spp. oviposition by use of natural enemy food supplement “Envirofeast”. Journal of Australian Entomological Society, 35: 323–329.

  • Merral, G. T. 1981. Physical factors that influence the behaviour of the chemicals on leaf surfaces, pp. 265–281. In: Blakeman, P. J. (Ed.) Microbial Ecology of the phylloplane, Academic Press, London.

  • Metcalf, R. L. 1988. Plant volatiles as insect attractant. Plant Science, 5: 251–301.

  • Miller, J. R. and Cowles, R. S. 1990. Stimulo-deterrent diversion: a concept and its possible application to onion maggot control. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16: 3197–3212.

  • Miller, R. H. 1986. The prevalence of pores and canals in the leaf cuticular membranes. 2. Supplemental studies. Annals of Botany, 57: 419–434.

  • Miller, E. R., Saten, R. T., Nowell, C. and Gourd, J. 1990. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): point source density and its relationship to efficacy in attracticide formulations of gossyplure. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 1321– 1325.

  • Mitchell, E. R. and Heath, R. R. 1987. Heliothis subflexa: Demonstration of oviposition stimulant from ground cherry using novel bioassay. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13: 1849–1858.

  • Mitchell, E. R., Tingle, F. C. and Heath, R. R. 1990. Ovipositional response of three Heliothis species to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants. Journal Chemical Ecology, 16: 1817–1827.

  • Mitchell, E. R.., Tingle, F. C. and Heath, R. R. 1991. Flight activity of Heliothis virescens females with references to host plant volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17: 259–266.

  • Morris, W. F. and Kareiva, P. M. 1991. How insect herbivores find suitable plants: the interplay between random and norandom movement, pp. 175–208. In: Bernays, E. (Ed.), Insect-Plant Interactions 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Neuenschwander, P. and Hagen, K. S. 1980. Role of the predatory Hemerobius pacificus in a non-insecticide treated anti-choke field. Environmental Entomology, 9: 492–495.

  • Norris, D. M. 1990. Repellents, pp. 135–149. In: Morgan, E. D. and Mandava, N. B. (Eds.) Hand Book of Natural Pesticides 6, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

  • Parrot, W. L., Jenkins, J. N. and McCarty, J. C. 1983. Feeding behaviour of first stage tobacco budworm on three cotton cultivars. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 76: 167–170.

  • Parrot, W. L., Jenkins, J. N., Mulrooney, J. E., McCarty, J. C. and Shepherd, R. L. 1989. Relationship between gossypol gland density on cotton squares and resistance to tobacco budworm larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82: 589–592.

  • Pell, J. K., Macauley, E. D. M. and Widing, N. 1993. A pheromone trap for dispersal of the pathogen Zoophthora radicans amongst populations of the diamondback moth. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 3: 315–320.

  • Poirier, L. M. and Borden, J. H. 1991. Recognition and avoidance of previously laid egg masses by the oblique-banded leafroller. Journal of Insect Behaviour, 4: 501–508.

  • Prokopy, R. J. and Owens, E. D. 1983. Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 28: 40–48.

  • Pyke, B., Rice, M., Sabine, G and Zalucki, M. 1987. The pushpull strategy-behavioural control of Heliothis. Australian Cotton Grower, 9: 7–9.

  • Ramaswamy, S. B.., Ma, W. K. and Baker, G. T. 1987. Sensory cues and receptors of oviposition of Heliothis virescens. Entomologia Experimantalis et Applicata, 43: 159–168.

  • Rausher, M. D. 1982. Population differentiation in Euphydryas editha butterflies: larval adaptation to different hosts. Evolution, 36: 581–590.

  • Rembold, H. and Tober, H, 1985. Kairomone and pigeon pea resistance factors against Helicoverpa armigera. Insect Science and Applications, 6: 249–252.

  • Renwick, J. A. A. 1989. Plant constituents as oviposition deterrents to lepidopterous insects, pp 378-385. In: Cutler, H. G. (Ed.),. Biologically active Natural Products: Potential use in Agriculture, ACS Symposium Series 380.

  • Renwick, J. A. A. 1990. Chemical Ecology of oviposition in phytophagous insects. Experientia, 45: 223–228.

  • Renwick, J. A. A. and Chew, F. S. 1994. Oviposition behaviour in lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 39: 377–400.

  • Rodriguez, L. C. and Niemeyer, H. M. 2005. Integrated pest management, semiochemicals and microbial pest-control agents in Latin American agriculture. Crop Protection, 24: 615–623.

  • Rothschild, M. and Schoonhoven, L. M. 1977. Assessment of egg load by Pieris brassicae. Nature, 266: 352–355.

  • Stadler, B. H., Nikonova, L., Leal, W. S. and Clardy, J. 2000. Sexual attraction in the silkworm moth: structure of the pheromone-binding-protein-bombykol complex. Chemistry and Biology, 7: 143–151.

  • Saxena, K. N. and Goyal, S. 1978. Host-plant relations of the citrus butterfly Papilio demoleus: orientational and ovipositional responses. Entomologia Experimantalis et Applicata, 24: 1–10.

  • Schultz, J. C. 1988. Many factors influence the evolution of herbivore diets, but plant chemistry is central. Ecology, 69: 896–897.

  • Singer, M. C. 1984. Butterfly-hostplant relationships, pp. 81–88. In: Vane-Wright, R. I. and Ackery, P. (Eds.), The Biology of Butterflies, Volume 13, Academic Press, London.

  • Singer, M. C. 1993. Behavioural constraints on the evolutionary expansion of insect diet: a case history, pp. 105–115. In: Read, L. (Ed.) Behavioural Mechanism in Evolutionary Ecology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

  • Soldaat, L. L., Boutin, J. P. and Derridj, S. 1996. Species-specific composition of free amino acids on the leaf surface of four Senecio species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22: 1–12.

  • Stanton, M. L. 1984. Short-term learning and the searching accuracy of egg laying butterflies. Animal behaviour, 32: 33–40.

  • Suckling, D. M. and Brockerhoff, E. G. 1999. Development of an attracticide against light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 92: 853–859.

  • Thiery, D. and Le-Quere, J. L. 1991. Identification of an oviposition-deterring pheromone in the eggs of the European corn borer. Naturwissenschaften, 78: 132–133.

  • Thompson, J. N. and Pellmyr, O. 1991. Evolution of oviposition behaviour and host preference in Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 65–89.

  • Tingle, F. C., Heath, R. R. and Mitchell, E. R. 1989. Flight response of Heliothis subflexa females to an attractant from goundcherry, Physalis angulata. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15: 221–231.

  • Tingle, F. C. and Mitchell, E. R. 1984. Aqueous extracts from indigenious plants as oviposition deterrents for Heliothis virescens. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10: 101–113.

  • Tinsworth, E. F. 1990. Regulation of pheromones and other Semiochemicals in the United States of America, pp. 569– 605. In: R L Ridgway, R. L., Silverstein, R. M. and Insloe, M. N. (Eds). Behaviour modifying chemicals for insect management, Marcel Dekker Inc., USA.

  • Tukey, H. B. 1971. Leaching of substances from plants, pp. 67–80. In: Preece, T. F. and Dickinson, C. H. (Eds). Ecology of Leaf surface Micro-organisms, Academic Press, London.

  • Waage, S. K. and Hedin, P. A. 1990. Plant stimulants and attractants (kairomones), pp 67–80. In: Morgan, E. D. and Mandava, N. B. (Eds.). Handbook of Natural Pesticides: Insect Attractants and Repellents, 6, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Walker, P. A., Fitt, G. P., Franzmann, B. A., Lloyd, R. J. and Stanley, J. 1996. The seasonal abundance and impact of predatory arthropods on Helicoverpa spp. in Australian cotton fields. PhD thesis, UNE, Armidale, Australia.

  • Walker, K. R. and Welter, S. C. 2001. Potential for outbreaks of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortric-idae) in California apple orchards using mating disruption for codling moth suppression. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94: 373–80.

  • Welham, S. W. and Liburd, O. E. 2006. Mating disruption and attract and kill as reduced risk strategies for control of grape ischolar_main borer in Florida vineyards. Florida Entomologist, 89: 245–250.

  • Wilson, L. J., Mensah, R. K. and Fitt, G. P. 2005. Implementing integrated pest management in Australian cotton, pp. 97–117. In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.). Insect pest Management in : Field and Protected crops, Springer–Verlag, Berlin.

  • Wiseman, B. R., Gross, H. R., Widstrom, N. M., Waiss, A. C. and Jones, R. L. 1988. Resistance of corn to Heliothis zea. South Coop. Ser. Bulletin, 337: 21–30.

  • Yeoh, H. H., Wee, Y. C. and Watson, L. 1984. Systematic variation in leaf amino acid compositions of leguminous plants. Phytochemistry, 23: 2227–2229.

  • Zhou, J. J., Robertson, G., He, X., Dufour, S., Hooper, A. M., Pickett, J. A., Keep, N. H. and Field, L. M. 2009 Characterisation of Bombyx mori odorant-binding proteins reveals that a general odorant-binding protein discriminates between sex pheromone components. Journal of Molecular Biology, 389: 529–545.

  • Zhou, J. J., Huang, W. S., Zhang, G. A., Pickett, J. A. and Field, L. M. 2004. ‘‘Plus-C’’ odourant-binding protein genes in two Drosophila species and the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae). Gene, 327: 117–129.


Abstract Views: 375

PDF Views: 308




  • Exploitation of Semiochemicals for the Management of Pest and Beneficial Insects with Special Emphasis on Cotton Cropping Systems in Australia: A Review

Abstract Views: 375  |  PDF Views: 308

Authors

Robert K. Mensah
NSW Department of Primary Industries , Australian Cotton Research Institute and Cotton Catchment Communities CRC, Locked Bag 1000, Narrabri, NSW 23, Australia
Christopher Moore
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 40, Australia

Abstract


This paper examines semiochemicals, substances or mixtures of substances produced by one species that influence the behaviour of receptor organisms, from the perspective of their potential in a sustainable pest management context. Particular reference is made to Helicoverpa spp. and their natural enemies on cotton and to those chemical components derived from the inner tissues and organ surfaces of plants The post-alightment behavioural sequence of insect pests such as Helicoverpa spp. which lay eggs on plants which are not a food source, includes the sensing of small quantities of many types of chemical substances that may include free amino acids, organic acids, sugars, secondary metabolites, vitamins, minerals, growth regulators, etc. Detection of these substances on the leaf or organ surfaces of the plant provides specific information to the female insect on plant health, physiology and nutrition that guides the insect to either accept or reject the plant for oviposition. Three behaviour manipulation methods for pest management have been identified as (1) a behaviour of the pest, (2) a means by which the behaviour is manipulated appropriately, and (3) a method that utilizes the behavioural manipulation method for the protection of the resource from the pest. Stimuli that act over long distance such as chemical stimuli (e.g. attractants and repellents) and visual stimuli influence the insect's encounter with the plant. After the insect has landed, short range stimuli such as stimulants and deterrents, which occur on the organ or leaf surfaces of the plant, guide the insect to either accept or reject the plant for oviposition or feeding. In terms of beneficial insects, stimuli that act over long distances (eg. Food spray products) can be used to attract and conserve natural enemies of pests, enhancing their effectiveness as pest control agents. Food spray products attract natural enemies to an area through volatile compounds emitted by the products to increase the predator to prey ratio, predator searching activity and predation of pests in the cropping system. There is potential for plants which are not normally encountered by pest or beneficial insect species to function as a source of behaviour-modifying chemical signals, perhaps having different effects on different pests and beneficial insects. In general, semiochemicals are inherently different from synthetic insecticides in terms of their efficacy and impact on the environment and human health.

Keywords


Helicoverpa Armigera, Helicoverpa Punctigera, Semiochemical, Integrated Pest Management, Secondary Plant Compounds, Attractants, Repellents, Deterrents.

References