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Social Concord and Composite Culture during first Half of Eighteenth Century: Role of Kings and Nobles


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1 Pt. Shri Chand Sharma Memorial Degree Colege, Manpur kalan, P.O. Madan Pur, Khair, Aligarh, U.P.252621
     

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  • Marshal.P.J.(ed.) ‘The Eighteenth Century in Indian History’, O.U.P., New Delhi, 2000; Alam. Muzaffar, (1986)’The Crisis of Empire in the Mughal North India Oudh and the Panjab 1707-1748’, Delhi, 1986; Alavi. Seema, ‘The Eighteenth Century in India’, O.U.P. New Delhi (2002),

  • He was the founder of Shiv Narayani order in1734 and admitted in his order persons of all denomination without any distinction of caste and classes.

  • Chand. Tara, (1986) ‘Influence of Islam on Indian culture’ Allahabad, p.206.

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  • Yahya Khan, ’Tazkirat-ul-Mulk’, Aliagarh Rotograph, f.119b.

  • Dargah Quli Khan, ’Muraqqa-i-Delhi’ Eng. Trans. by Shekhar and Shama Mitra, Delhi, 1996, pp.30-33

  • Abdul Haq(Ed.), ’Diwan-i-Taban’, pp.267-68.

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  • Irvin. W. (1971), ‘Later Mughal’, vol.ii, p.258.

  • Broughten. Thomas Duer, op.cit., p.243.

  • Ibid. p. 243.

  • Parsad. Rajendra, (1947), (3rd edi.), ‘India Divided’, p. 35.

  • Datta. K.K., ‘Farmans, Sanads and Parwanas (1578-1802)’, p.116, Parwana No.532.

  • Ibid, p.113, parwana No.543.

  • Goswami. B.N., and J.S. Garewal, (1967), ‘The Mughals and Jogi of Jakhbar’, Shimla, p.36.

  • Parsad. Rajendra, op.cit. p.35.

  • Ghani. Najmul, ’The Tarikh –i- Oudh’, vol.V, P.200.

  • Sharma.G.N., (1968) ‘Social life in Meddieval Rajasthan(1500-1800)’, Agra, pp.117, 221.

  • Paranis. P.B., (ed.), ‘Selection from Satara Rajas and Peshwa Diaries’, vol.ii, Letter No.171, p.101.

  • Ibid.Letter No.190, p.119.

  • Broughten, Thomas Duer., op.cit.p.245.

  • Akhbarat, vol.iv, pp.113, 115, 131.

  • Coomarswami. M.S., ‘History of Gujrat’, vol.II, P.390.

  • Raja Jai Singh under took expedition against Churaman Jat in 1717 and1722, ‘Siyar-ul-Mutakhrin’, (tran.), vol.II, p.31;Raja Girdhar Bahadur fought against the Maratha in the battle of Amjhera and fell down in the battle field, Raghubir Singh, (1993), ‘Malwa in Transition or A Century of Anarchy (1698-1765)’, New Delhi, pp.163-164

  • Ghulam HussainTabatabai, ‘Siyar-ul-Mutakhrin’, vol.II, p.833.

  • Khafi Khan, ‘Muntakhab-ul-Lubab’, p.69.

  • Ibid., pp.692, 713,773.

  • Moahammad Amin Khan’s secretaries were Rai Toda Rai, Rai Bhokchand and Jaswant Rai, Waazir Qamruddin Khan’s diwan was Anand Ram Mukhalis and Qabil Ram, Nizamul Mulk’s diwan Khaim Karan, ‘Tarikh-i- Salatini- Chaghtai’, f.2106; ‘Mirat-i-Ahmadi’, p.71.

  • Tarikh-i-Muzaffari, pp.159, 303.

  • Malik. Zahiruddin, 2006, (rev. edi.), ‘Reign of Mohammad Shah (1719-1748)’, New Delhi, p. 358.

  • Ibid. p.359.

  • Khan. Syed Ahmad., ‘Tarikh-i-Sarkashiy Zila Bijnore Rebellion’ (Eng. Trans.) H.Malik and M.Bembo,’ Sir Syed Khan’s History of the Bijnore Rebellion’, 1869, p.16.

  • Dargah Quli Khan, op.cit., pp.16-17.

  • Shakir Khan, ‘Tarikh-i-Shakir Khan’, rotograph, Library dept. of history A.M.U. Aligarh, f112a.

  • Mohammad Bakhsh Ashob, ‘Tarikh-i-Shahadat-i-FarrukhSiyar wa Julus-i-Mohammad Shahi’ compiled in 1782 rotograph library dept. of history, ff.118, 119.

  • Ibid., f.86.

  • Akhbarat(Hindi), vol.iii, No.5, pp.15, 16.

  • Scrafton. L., (1770) ‘Reflection on the government of Hindustan’, London, pp.16-17.

  • Khafi Khan, ‘Muntakhab-ul-Lubab’, p.708.

  • Irvin. W., op.cit., vol.i, p.284.

  • Mohammad Ali Khan, ‘Mirat-i- Ahmadi’, edi. By Syed Nawab Ali, (1927-28) Baroda, pp.156-157.

  • Coomarswami. M.S., op.cit.,vol.ii, pp.388-390.

  • Siyar-ul- Mutakhrin’, (eng.transl.)vol.i, pp.98-99; ‘ Mirat-i-Ahmadi’, p.371.

  • Khafi Khan, ‘Muntakhab–ul- Lubab’, ed. By Kabiruddin Ahmad, Bibliothec Indica, 1874 Calcutta, Engl. trnsl. by Elliot & Dowson., pp.102-105.

  • ‘Mirat-i-Ahmadi’ (trns.) p. 371;’History of Gujrat’, vol. ii, p. 390.

  • Bamzai. P.N.K., ‘A History of Kashmir’, p.409.

  • Ibid. p.409.

  • Ibid., p.410.


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  • Social Concord and Composite Culture during first Half of Eighteenth Century: Role of Kings and Nobles

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Authors

Md. Shakil Akhtar
Pt. Shri Chand Sharma Memorial Degree Colege, Manpur kalan, P.O. Madan Pur, Khair, Aligarh, U.P.252621

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