Ashutosh Gupta ¹, Sujata Pandey ¹, J. L. Raheja ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201313, IN
2 CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, Rajasthan - 333031, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Topographic map has been studied to observe the amount of neuronal activity at various electrode locations. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Electroencephalography (EEG) refers to recording of electrical activities (potential or current density) produced by neurons. A raw EEG signal obtained through electrodes placed in a specific pattern on the scalp. One of the electrodes needs to be selected as a Reference, relative to which electrical activity at all other electrodes shall be measured. It is usually said that electrodes at “inactive” regions of the scalp should be selected as the reference but this paper deals with analyzing what happens if any other electrode is selected as reference as there is no single best reference for all the purposes. The magnitude of electrical activity at various electrodes is indicated by color codes so that it is visually distinguishable. Findings: The difference in topography of EEG rhythms shall be observed and the extent up to which this is correct with different electrodes as reference would be seen. We observe that asymmetry arises if electrodes are at right or left rather than at Center line. We also observe that the electrodes which are at similar potential as that of the reference is indicated by Red color. Application/Improvements: The electrodes at very high potential than the reference are indicated by yellow whereas blue indicates medium activity w.r.t. the reference. These signals may be used for BCI application.

Keywords

Electroencephalography ( EEG), Neurons, Open Vibe Signal Processing.

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Akshaj Arora ¹, Sahitya Singh ¹, Neel Chatterjee ¹, Malay RanjanTripathy ¹, Sujata Pandey ¹

Affiliations
1 Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida - 201313, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objectives: In this paper we report on experimental studies and system design for harnessing energy from three alternate energy sources, which are solar energy, radio frequency energy and piezoelectric energy. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In order to make an integrated unit, we have made a case like structure of the device. For RF energy harvesting, we have designed two antennas on Ansoft HFSS and then got them fabricated. For RF to DC power conversion we have used schottky detectors which are capable of highly efficient impedance matching. Moving on to solar energy, we have used two solar panels and each can produce voltage up to five volts. The panels are placed both inside and outside the system, to ensure that we get power when case is open as well as when it is closed. Finally, for the piezoelectric energy harvesting, we have made a series and parallel combination of piezoelectric sensors and this network is followed by a voltage doubler circuit, which is used to augment the voltage produced by the combination of sensors. Findings: Though the system was designed for harvesting solar as well as piezo energy, our main focus was to harvest energy from RF energy. Power is harvested from both the antennas and it is shown that lotus shaped patch antenna is giving more DC voltage 44 mV and 63 mV at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz respectively at 50 cm than Multi patch fractal antenna is giving maximum voltage 60 mV, 24 mV and 34 mV at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz respectively at 50 cm. Application/Improvements: Energy has been successfully harnessed from all three energy sources i.e. RF energy, piezoelectric, solar energy. The system can be used to power low power devices.

Keywords

Antenna, Energy Harvesting, RF Energy, Piezoelectric, SolarSensor Networks (WSNs).

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