Author Details

This paper, presents on the coordination of power system expansion planning including sustainable generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission network expansion planning (TEP). For this purpose, a game theory based model is proposed to determine the dominant strategy of each investor entities in the generation and transmission sectors. In this model, all power producers compete with each other at the same level for maintaining the energy and reserve services. At this stage, after determining the Cournot equilibrium, the suggestions accepted in previous stage are evaluated in the transmission planning stage. Here, according to the existing units and the units proposed in the previous stage, transmission network expansion planning takes place based on cost, social welfare and reliability indices by independent system operator. Thereafter transmission expansion planning results announced, the accepted unit and not accepted units can offer their new strategies to the market. This iterative process continues until the dominant strategy of each entity is satisfied and the final equilibrium is obtained. To solve this game and finding its Nash equilibrium, the mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization is used by all decision makers for optimizing their desirable strategies to invest in the power market. A conceptual test system is proposed to show the ability of the model. Simulation results verify the feasibility and capability of the proposed modeling of the long-term expansion planning.

Keywords

Generation Expansion Planning, Transmission Expansion Planning, Game Theory

Full Text

References

Chuang AS, Wu F and Varaiya P (2001) A gametheoretic model for generation expansion planning: problem formulation and numerical comparisons. IEEE Trans. Power Sys. 16 (4), 885-891.

Dehghan S, Kazemi, Ahad Jadid and Shahram (2009) A Composite generation and transmission expansion planning pinpointing the optimal location of candidate generating unit. 24th PSC Conf.(Iran).

Fischer, Robert, Joo and Sung-Kwan (2008) Economic evaluation of transmission expansion for investment Incentives in a competitive electricity market. Intl. J. Control, Automation & Sys. 6(5), 627-638.

Javadi and Mohammad Sadegh (2011) Incidence matrix-based LMP calculation: Algorithm and applications Intl. J. Multidisciplinary Sci. & Engg. (IJMSE) 2(5), 48-52.

Javadi, Mohammad Sadegh, Azami, Rahmat and Hassan Monsef (2009) Security constrained unit commitment of Interconnected poower systems. Intl. Rev. Elect. Engg. I.R.E.E. 4(2), 199-205.

Krause T (2005 [Online] Available: http://www.eeh.ee.ethz.ch) 'Congestion management in liberalized electricity markets – theoretical concepts and international application'.

Parsons S and Wooldridge M (2000) Game theory and decision theory in multi-agent systems (Printed in the Netherlands: Kluwer Acad. Publi.).

Simon KK, Ng, Lee CW and Zhong Jin (2006) A Game-theoretic approach to study strategic Interactionbetween transmission and generation expansion planning. Power Sym. NAPS 2006. 38th North American. 115, 20.

Simon KK, Ng Zhong, Jin and Lee CW (2009) A gametheoretic study of the strategic interaction between generation and transmission expansion planning. Power Sys. Conf. & Exposition. PSCE '09. IEEE/PES, 1, 10.

New Approach to Congestion Mitigation Based on Incidence Matrix DCOPF

Abstract Views :496 | PDF Views:109

Authors

Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Ali Meskarbashee ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR

Source

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 2132-2137

Abstract

An incidence matrix approach for mitigating congestion in transmission network is presented in this paper. Based on this methodology, all congested power transmission lines is identified and main economical signals for investment planning is introduced. In this method, we can determine strong and weak transmission corridors in the network. The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device has been applied to enhance the controllability of power systems. New generations of FACTS device called Distributed FACTS such as distributed series impedance or distributed static series compensator have recently received increasing interests for power system control and are expected to be broadly deployed. This paper presents a detailed formulation and algorithm to find the best location and size of DFACTS to achieve the optimal utilization of transmission capacity to mitigate congestion. This approach can be applied in market simulation and planning owing to its robustness and speed. Unlike, previous admittance based matrix methodologies, which solidly depended on the network topology, independency of network in the presented approach; it would be an effective tool for long-term expansion planning criteria or implementing D-FACTS devices in modern power systems. The simulation results show that the presented method is both satisfactory and consistent with expectation. Simulation results are presented with the PJM 5-bus system to illustrate the capabilities of presented approach in compression with previous works.

Keywords

Incidence Matrix, DCOPF, Congestion Management, D-FACTS

Full Text

References

Besharat H and Taher SA (2008) Congestion management by determining optimal location of TCSC in deregulated power systems. Elect. Power & Energy Sys. 30, 563-568.

Bompard E, Correia P, Gross G and Amelin M (2003) Congestion management schemes: A Comparative analysis under a unified framework. IEEE Trans. Power Sys.18(1), 346-352.

Christie RD, Wollenberg BF, and Wangensteen I (2000) Transmission management in the deregulated environment. Proce. IEEE. pp: 170-195.

Davari M, Toorani F, Nafisi H, Abedi M and Gharepatian GB (2008) Determination of mean and variance of LMP using probabilistic DCOPF and TPEM. PECon08. pp:1280-1283.

Kirschen D and Strbac G (2004) Fundamentals of power system economics. John Wiley & Sons, UK.

Li F and Bo R (2007) DCOPF-Based LMP Simulation: Algorithm, comparison with ACOPF and sensitivity. IEEE Trans Power Sys. 22(4),1475-1485.

Li F, Pan J and Chao H (2004) Marginal loss calculation in competitive spot market. IEEE Int. Conf. Deregulation, Restructuring Power Technol. (DRPT). pp: 205-209.

Li H, Li F, Zhang P and Zhao X (2009) Optimal utilization of transmission capacity to reduce congestion with Distributed FACTS. IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conf., Bucharest, Romania.

Litvinov E, Zheng T, Rosenwald G and Shamsollahi P (2004) Marginal loss modeling in LMP calculation. IEEE Trans Power Sys. 19(2), 880-884.

Liu L and Zobian A (2002) The importance of marginal loss pricing in an RTO environment. Electricity J. 15, 40-45.

Lommerdal M and Soder L (2003) Simulation of congestion management methods. IEEE Power Tech. Bologna. Bologna, Italy.

Momoh J and Mili L (2010) Economic market design and planning for electric power systems. John Wiley & Sons, NJ.

Mwanza K, Shi Y and Tuan LA (2007) Economic evaluation of FACTS for congestion management in pool Markets. Power Tech.

PJM (2005) Training materials-LMP 101, PJM.

Ramos JLM, Exposito AG, Moron FJC and Becerra SN (2003) On the use of loss penalty factors for generation scheduling. Proce. IEEE Power Engg. Soc. Annu. Meeting. pp: 926-931.

Reddy KRS, Padhy NP and Patel RN (2006) Congestion management in deregulated power system using FACTS Devices. IEEE.

Shahidehpour M, Yamin H and Li Z (2002) Market operations in electric power systems. John Wiley & Sons, NY.

Stoft S ( 2002) Power system economics-designing markets for electricity. IEEE/Wiley. NY.

Su CL (2005) Probabilistic load-flow computation using point estimate method. IEEE Trans Power Sys. 20, 1843-1851.

Wood AJ and Wollenberg BF, 1996 Power Generation, Operation and Control. John Wiley & Sons, NY.

Zhang XP, Chong B, Godfrey KR, Yao L, Bazargan M and Schmitt L (2007) Management of congestion costs Utilizing FACTS controllers in a bilateral electricity market environment. IEEE PowerTech. pp: 1244-1249.

Zhu J, Hwang D and Sadjadpour A (2005) Real time loss sensitivity calculation in power systems operation. Elect. Power Sys. Res. 73(1), 53-60.

Incidence Matrix-based Security Constraint Unit Commitment considering Line and Unit Contingencies

Abstract Views :394 | PDF Views:93

Authors

Arash Jamalmanesh ¹, Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ², Rahmat Azami ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, IR
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, IR

Source

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 2138-2142

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach for considering all possible contingencies in short-term power system operation. Based on this new approach, both generator and transmission line outages would be modelled in network-based power system analysis. Multi generator and also parallel transmission lines is modelled in this methodology. We also investigate this claim that feasibility and applicability of this approach is much more than the previous analytical methodologies. Security Constrained Unit commitment (SCUC) program which is carried out by Independent System Operator (ISO), is one of the complex problems which would be handled by this approach. In this paper, a DC-Optimal Power Flow (DCOPF) methodology has been considered for hourly Locational Marginal Price (LMP) calculations. This approach can be applied in market simulation and planning owing to its robustness and speed. Unlike, previous admittance based matrix methodologies, which solidly depended on the network topology, independency of network in the presented approach; it would be an effective tool for considering possible contingencies in the grid. The simulation results show that the presented method is both satisfactory and consistent with expectation.

Keywords

Incidence Matrix, Security Constrained Unit Commitment, Contingency Analysis, Independent System Operator

Full Text

References

Billinton R, et al (1989) A reliability test system for educational purposes- Basic Data. IEEE Trans. Power Sys. 4 (3), 1238-1244.

Biskas PN and Bakirtizis AG (2004) Decentralized security constrained DC-OPF of interconnected power systems. IEE Proce. Gener. Transm. Distrib. 151(6), 747-756.

Dillon TS et al (1978) Integer programming approach to the problem of optimal unit commitment with probabilistic reserve determination. IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Sys. PAS.97, 2154-2166.

Fu Yong Shahidehpour M and Zuyi Li (2005) Securityconstrained unit commitment with AC constraints. IEEE Trans. Power Sys. 20(2), 1538-1550.

Javadi Mohammad Sadegh (2011) Incidence matrix-based LMP calculation: Algorithm and applications. Int. J. Multidisciplinary Sci. & Engg. (IJMSE). 2(5), 48-52.

Javadi Mohammad Sadegh, Azami, Rahmat and Hassan Monsef (2009) Security constrained unit commitment of Interconnected power systems. Int. Rev. Elect. Engg. I.R.E.E. 4(2), 199-205.

Li F and Bo R (2007) DCOPF-Based LMP simulation: Algorithm, comparison with ACOPF, and sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Power Sys. 22(4), 1475-1485.

Merritt WC et al (1988) Security constraints optimization—a case study. IEEE Trans. Power Sys. 3(3), 970-977.

PJM (2005) Training materials-LMP 101, PJM.

Shahidehpour, Mohammad , Yamin Hatim and Li Zuyi (2002) Market operations in electric power systems (John Wiley & Sons, NY.

Sheble GB Charles W and Richter Jr (2006) A profit-based unit commitment GA for the competitive environment. IEEE/PES, 96WM (NY). pp: 190-199.

Wang S and Shahidehpour M (1994) Ramp-rate limits in unit commitment and economic dispatch incorporating rotor fatigue effect. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 9(3), 1539- 1545.

Wang S et al (1995) Short-term generation scheduling with transmission and environmental constraints using an augmented Lagrangian relaxation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 10(3), 1294-1301.

Wood AJ and Wollenberg BF (1996) Power generation. Operation & Control. John Wiley & Sons, NY.

Simulation and Solving the Descriptive Equations on the Voltage Breakdown in Ultra-quick Circuit Breakers

Abstract Views :543 | PDF Views:127

Authors

Adel Moradi ¹, Bahram Noshad ¹, Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, IR
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR

Source

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5, No 7 (2012), Pagination: 2949-2953

Abstract

This paper presents descriptive equations on the voltage breakdown in ultra-quick circuit breakers (UQCB). In this paper, main breakdown characteristics of UQCB's are presented. Gaseous breakdown in the sub-nanosecond regime is of interest for fast pulsed power switching, short pulse electromagnetics, and for plasma limiters to protect devices from high power microwave radiation. In order to study pulsed gas breakdown initiation dynamics, a sub-nanosecond voltage pulse is simulated by Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP).

Keywords

Ultra Quick Circuit Breakers, Voltage Breakdown, Gaseous Breakdown, Transient Recovery Voltage

Full Text

References

ANSI C3706-(2000) AC high-voltage circuit breakers rated on symmetrical current basis-preferred ratings and related required capabilities.

Babich LP (2003) High-energy phenomena in electric discharges in dense gases. ISTC Sci. & Technol. Series. Arlington, VA: Futurepast, Inc.Vol. 2.

Byszewski WW and Reinhold G (1982) X-ray diagnostics of runaway electrons in fast gas discharges.Phys. Rev. A26, 2826-2831.

Byszewski WW, Enright MJ and Proud JM (1982) Transient development of nanosecond gas discharges.IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS-10, 281-285.

Felsenthal P and Proud JM (1965) Nanosecond-pulse breakdown in gases. Phys. Rev. A139, 1797-1804.

IEEE Std C37.011 (1994) IEEE application guide for transient recovery voltage for ac high-voltage circuit breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis

Khodabakhchian B (2006) Potential risk of failures in switching EHV shunts reactors in a one-and-a-half breaker scheme. Elect. Power Sys. Res. 76, 655–662.

Kostyrya ID, Akakun VS, Tarasenko VF, TkachevAN and Yakovlenko SI (2004) The role of fast electrons in the formation of a pulsed volume discharge at elevated gas pressures.Technical Phys. Letters. 30(5), 411-414.

Kunhardt EE and Byszewski WW(1980)Development of overvoltage breakdown in high gas pressure.Phys. Rev. A21, 2069-2077.

Kunhardt EE and Tzeng Y(1988) Development of an electron avalanche and its transition to streamers.Phys. Rev. A38, 1410-1421.

Kunhardt EE, Tzeng Y andBoeuf JP (1986) Stochastic development of an electron avalanche.Phys. Rev.A34, 440-449.

Nasser E (1971) Fundamentals of gaseous ionization and plasma electronics. NY: Wiley-Interscience.

Park HS, Woo JW, Kang JW, HanKS and SO Han (2007) Analyzing TRV of CB when installing current limit reactors in UHV power system.Proc.Int. Conf. Power Sys.Transients, Lyon, France.

Porkar B and Abedi A (2009) TRV requirements associated with the application of current-limiting series reactors-Simulation and Evaluation.Proc. Power Sys. Conf. PSC 24th. Iran, 2009 (in Persian).

Tarasenko VF and Yakovlenko SI (2005) High power subnanosecond beams of runaway electrons generated in dense gases.Physica Scripta. 72, 41-67.

Discrimination between Internal Faults and Inrush Current Phenomena in Power Transformers

Abstract Views :552 | PDF Views:189

Authors

Bahram Noshad ¹, Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ², Ali Esmaeelnejad ²

Source

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5, No 7 (2012), Pagination: 3036-3040

Abstract

Conventional second harmonic current restriction approach is an adopted method which has been implemented to transformer differential protection schemes. Because of unreliable nature of this approach in discrimination between inrush current, internal faults and external faults and due to the saturation of current transformers, we present new features of the differential protection scheme. This helps to determine the feasibility and applicability of the proposed approach in differential protective scheme for power transformer. The Current Transformer Saturation (CTS) phenomenon issue and its revelation is one of the most significant problems in power system protection particularly in the differential protection. In this paper, the saturation phenomenon and its effects on the differential protection are analyzed. Prevalent algorithms in digital signal processing which are implemented in power system cannot correctly recognize this phenomenon. Mal-operation of differential protection relay takes place when saturation in CT is appeared. This paper presents a Third-Difference Algorithm (TDA) for CTS recognition. In order to make comparison between the presented approach and prevalent digital protective algorithm, an identical case study is simulated. Simulation results also show that the TDA is both satisfactory and consistent with expectation.

Keywords

Current Transformer, Saturation Phenomenon, Third-difference Algorithm, Internal and External Faults

Full Text

References

BunyagulT, Crossley P and Gale P (2001) Overcurrent protection using signals derived from saturated measurement CTs.IEEE PES 2001 SM, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Document ABB (2007) Applying high impedance differential protection with IED 670. Application Example. 1-12, ABB.

Fernández C (2001) An impedance-based CT saturation detection algorithm for bus-bar differential protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery. 16(4), 1203- 1209.

Kang YC, Kang SH and Crossley P (2003) An algorithm for detecting CT saturation using the secondary current third-difference function. IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conf., Italy.

Kang YC, Wo. L, Jhong. E. (2004) Design and evaluation of an algorithm for detecting current transformer saturation. IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 151 (1), 27-35.

Kang YC, Wo. L, Jhong. E. (1997) An algorithm for compensating the secondary current of current transformers.IEEE Trans. Power Delivery. 12 (1), 116- 24.

Kitayama M and Nakabayashi M (2002) A new approaach to fast inrush currenrt discrimination based on transformer magnetizing charachtristic.14th PSCC (Sevilla). pp: 1-7.

Phadke AG and Thorp JS (1988) Computer relaying for power systems. Research Studies Press LTD.

Security Constrained Generation Scheduling Using Harmony Search Optimization Case Study: Day-ahead Heat and Power Scheduling

Abstract Views :331 | PDF Views:85

Authors

Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Sara Sabramooz ², Amin Javadinasab ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR
2 Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, IR

Source

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 1812-1820

Abstract

Security Constraint Generation Scheduling (SCGS) is one of the most important issues in modern power system shortterm operation. In the SCGS the optimal and secure operation of power system has been taken into account. SCGS includes the timing and production of available energy resources in order to maintaining customer demands. In this paper, we present a new approach for SCGS in Day-Ahead market considering both heat and power demands entire the system. Harmony Search Algorithm, (HSA) which is a recent meta-heuristic optimization algorithms is addressed in this paper to solve the SCGS problem which is a large-scale, non-convex, nonlinear with both continuous and discrete variables. It is shown that HSA, as a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, may solve power system scheduling problem (Heat and Power) in a better fashion in comparison with the other evolutionary search algorithm that are implemented in such complicated issue. HSA was conceptualized using the musical process of searching for a perfect state of harmony. Compared to the earlier meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, HSA imposes fewer mathematical requirements that can be easily adopted for various types of engineering optimization problems, such as Combined Heat and Power SCGS (CHP-SCGS). An adopted case study is conducted to facilitate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This case study is recently presented in order to analysis the Day-Ahead power system studies with a 24-h scheduling horizon, which considers the Hydro-Thermal and conventional Unit Commitment (UC) problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness and fastness of the proposed method.

Keywords

Combined Heat and Power, Security Constrained Generation Scheduling, Harmony Search Algorithm

Full Text

References

Afkousi-Paqaleh M, Rashidinejad M, and Pourakbari- Kasmaei M (2010) An implementation of harmony search algorithm to unit commitment problem. Electr. Eng. 92, 215-25.

Aghamohammadi MR (2008) Static Security Constrained Generation Scheduling using sensitivity characteristics of neural network. Iranian J. Electrical & Electronic Engg. 4(3),104-14.

Biskas PN and Bakirtizis AG (2004) Decentralized security constrained DC-OPF of interconnected power systems. IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib. 151(6), 747-56.

Coelho, Leandro dos Santos and Mariani, Viviana Cocco (2009) An improved harmony search algorithm for power economic load dispatch. Energy Conversion & Management. 50(10), 2522-26.

Deb K et al. (2002) A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evolut. Comput., 6(2), 182-97.

Dieu V N and Ongsakul W (2008) Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch by Augmented Lagrange Hopfield Network. 16th PSCC (Glasgow, Scotland).

Dillon TS et al. (1978) Integer programming approach to the problem of optimal unit commitment with probabilistic reserve determination. IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst. PAS-97, 2154-66.

Fesanghary M et al. (2008) Hybridizing harmony search algorithm with sequential quadratic programming for engineering optimization problems. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 197 (33-40), 3080-91.

Fu, Yong, Shahidehpour M and Zuyi Li (2005) Security-Constrained Unit Commitment With AC Constraints. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 20 (2), 1538- 50.

Geem ZW (2007) Novel Derivative of Harmony Search Algorithm for Discrete Design Variables. Appl. Math. Computation, 199 (1), 223-230.

Geem ZW, Kim JH and Loganathan GV (2001) A new heuristic optimization algorithm: harmony search. Simulati, 76 (2), 60-68.

Guo T, Henwood MI and Ooijen MV (1996) An algorithm for combined heat and power economic dispatch. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 11,1778-1784.

Javadi, Mohammad Sadegh (2011a) Incidence Matrix- Based LMP calculation: algorithm and applications. Intl. J. Multidisciplinary Sci. Engg. (IJMSE). 2(5),48- 52.

Javadi Mohammad Sadegh (2011b) Two-Stage stochastic DCOPF approach considering minimum load curtailment. Intl. J. Multidisciplinary Sci. Engg. 2(6),5-9.

Javadi, Mohammad Sadegh, Azami, Rahmat and Hassan, Monsef (2009) Security Constrained Unit Commitment of interconnected power systems. Intl. Rev.Electrical Engg. I.R.E.E. 4(2), 199-205.

Kang SL and Geem ZW (2004) A new structural optimization method based on the harmony search algorithm. Comput Structure. 82, 781-98.

Lee KS and Geem ZW (2004) A new meta-heuristic algorithm for continuous engineering optimization: harmony search theory and practice. Comput Math. Appl. Mech. 194, 3902-33.

Mahdavi M, Fesanghary M and Damangir E (2007) An improved harmony search algorithm for solving optimization problems. Appl. Math. Computation. 188 (2),1567-79.

Merritt WC et al. (1988) Security constraints optimization—a case study. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 3(3), 970-77.

Momoh, James and Mili, Lamine (2010) Economic Market Design and Planning for Electric Power Systems. Mohamed E. El-Hawary (ed.), John Wily & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Rong A and Lahdelma R (2007) An efficient envelopebased branch-and-bound algorithm for non-convex combined heat and power production planning, Eur. J. Oper. Res.183, 412-31.

Salgado, Fabricio and Pedrero, Pedro (2008) Shortterm operation planning on cogeneration systems: A survey', Electric Power Systems Research. 78 (5), 835-48.

Sheble GB, Charles W and Richter Jr (2006) A profitbased unit commitment GA for the competitive environment. IEEE/PES, 96WM (NY). 190-99.

Sivasubramani S and Swarup KS (2011) Multiobjective harmony search algorithm for optimal power flow problem. Intl. J. Electrical Power & Amp; Energy Systems. 33(3),745-52.

Vasebi A, Fesanghary M and Bathaee SMT (2007) Combined heat and power economic dispatch by harmony search algorithm. Intl. J. Electrical Power & Amp; Energy Systems. 29(10), 713-19.

Wang, Lingfeng and Singh, Chanan (2008) Stochastic economic emission load dispatch through a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm. Electric Power Systems Res. 78(8),1466-76.

Wang S and Shahidehpour M (1994) Ramp-rate limits in unit commitment and economic dispatch incorporating rotor fatigue effect. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 9(3), 1539-45.

Wang S et al. (1995) Short-term generation scheduling with transmission and environmental constraints using an augmented Lagrangian relaxation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 10(3), 1294–301.

Username
Password
Remember me