Raju Barskar ¹, Meenu Chawla ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal - 462003, Madhya Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal - 462003, Madhya Pradesh,, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: With the unequalled growth in Wireless networks, the associated fields of group application have also seen growth like multimedia teleconferencing, stock quoting, and distance education. Security in group applications need to be maintained which cannot be accomplished by wireless networks and IP multicast, encryptions by a shared group key is required. In this paper we review on network-independent group key management, which can be classified into three types: centralized, decentralized and distributed group key management protocols. Improvements/Methods: We Analyse key management algorithms in wireless networks and compared various factors of performance like storage overhead, commutation overhead and communication overhead during the join and leave process in groups in wireless group key management approaches, with a set of assessment parameters. In this paper we find various parameters to consider when designing a key management algorithm in wireless networks for mobile environment. Findings: It is important to guarantee the safety of this group key and to ensure the group communication. In spite of the fact that group communication encryption can be utilized to secure messages exchanged among group individuals, distributing the cryptographic keys turn into an issue. However, various significant parameters are used to analysis security requirement of application, when the key management algorithm is developed. Strength of key management algorithms is minimization of key cost during the join/leave process of members in the groups. Applications: In addition, we identify the relationships between the various security issues of wireless group key management like performance, security and network compatibility with regard to the algorithms discussed. It will give better idea about designing key management algorithms with minimum cost like storage, communication and computation parameters when the members join/leave from the groups. It will enable them to take better decisions.

Keywords

Group Communication, Group Controller, Key Independence, Key Management, KEK, TEK

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Ashwini Kumar Malviya ¹, Meenu Chawla ¹

Affiliations
1 Computer Science and Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Link Road Number 3, Near Kali Mata Mandir, Bhopal - 462003, Madhya Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objectives: This paper presents a comparative analysis between different color models (YCrCb, YUV, HSV, CIE L*a*b*, and CIE L*u*v*) for hand gesture recognition task by extracting skin-color of index 31-35 on Von Luschan's chromatic scale. Methods/Statistical Analysis: An eight step algorithm is proposed for comparing different color models, which is simple so as to run in real-time and is kept same for all the color models. Only the threshold for extracting skin-color is different for all the color models to extract the desired region. Morphology operations are used to remove noise and Contour and Convex Hull technique is used to extract desired features. Test data was generated using 16 users and each user performed 2 sequences of 6 different gestures for every color model giving a total of 5760 test data points. Accuracy Percentage, False Positive Rate (FPR) and True Positive Rate (TPR) are used to evaluate color models. Findings: Since the options are several, it becomes crucial which color space to use. In this paper, we have analyzed which color space can most accurately preserve the hand shape and recognize it for skin color of index 31-35 on Von Luschan's chromatic scale. Experimental results have shown that the CIE L*a*b* and YCrCb color space are the most versatile in different environment settings with 73.9% and 71.5% accuracy, respectively. CIE L*a*b* and CIE L*u*v*are found to have highest TPR and HSV had lowest FPR. Whereas YCrCb and YUV are better than HSV in terms of TPR and not so good compared to CIE L*a*b* and CIE L*u*v*. Also YCrCb and YUV have lesser FPR than CIE L*a*b* and CIE L*u*v* but higher than HSV. These findings will help the researchers of the field of Human-Computer Interaction to select appropriate color-model for specific applications. This paper proposed an algorithm that can be improved to include complex gestures for evaluation. Improvements: Algorithm developed for evaluation can be modified to use machine learning techniques to allow complex gestures and can be accommodated according to different color models. Also other color models can also be included to perform exhaustive evaluation.

Keywords

Color Models, Color Spaces, Hand Gesture Recognition, Human Computer Interaction, Skin-Color.

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