B. Karthikeyan ¹, V. Vaithiyanathan ², B. Venkatraman , M. Menaka ³

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401, IN
2 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102
3 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, IN

Abstract

Digital image processing is used to identify regions in an image by using various segmentation methods. This paper gives a brief account on five of the different segmentation techniques namely region growing, watershed, thresholding, split and merge, k-means clustering methods highlighting the advantages as well as disadvantages of each of these methods. A modification of traditional region growing segmentation method is presented which automatically selects the seed points and grows the regions until all the regions in the image are segmented. The results of segmentation methods presented in the paper are not dependent on the kind of image to be segmented and these methods are used in segmenting industrial radiographic weld images in which several defects like porosity, lack of fusion, slag line, incomplete penetrations, and wormholes occur. The methods are evaluated on various types of images and efficiency of these methods in the detection of several weld defects is presented along with the experimental results. The evaluation of performance of these different segmentation methods on sample images is done on the basis of subjective criteria and conclusions are achieved. These methods are used to detect the flaws in an object by identifying the flawed region in the image. Due to this ability of region detection, it finds various applications in medical imaging, optical character recognition, computer vision, remote sensing, mobile robots and industrial radiography.

Keywords

Image Segmentation, Thresholding, Region Growing, Watershed, Split and Merge, K-means Clustering

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M. Rajasekhar Reddy ¹, V. Vaithiyanathan ¹, B. Karthikeyan ¹, Gonavaram Venkata Sai Theja ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This paper contains the change detection between frames of a video. The main objective is to show how the sequence of frames differ from one another in a video. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The amount of change between two frames is measured using the pixel based change detection parameter’s Absolute Average Difference (AAD), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Correlation (NC), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Mean Squared Error (MSE). These parameters detect the changes in each and every pixel of the frame with respect to other frame and values are calculated for each frame of a video and compared in the tables followed by analysis of the values. Findings: The results indicated the changes that are not perceived by the human eyes. They depict that if the change between two frames are visible to the human eyes then they differ more based on the parameter we have considered and if the change is not visible to the eyes then minute differences is observed between the two respective frames. Application/Improvements: The change detection plays a significant role in visual media. Based on the change detection of frames, analysis of a video can be done.

Keywords

Change Detection, Frame, Mean Squared Error, Normalized Correlation, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Pixel

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Parag Narkhede ¹, Suraj Dhalwar ², B. Karthikeyan ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Embedded Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu - 632014, IN
2 Department of Embedded Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University,Vellore, Tamil Nadu - 632014, IN

Abstract

Objectives: This paper describes the method of measurement of glucose concentration in the human blood non-invasively using the near infrared optical technique. Methods/Analysis: In recent medical practice, the concentration of glucose in blood is measured using an invasive techniques which generally involves puncturing finger. In generic few ml of blood whereas in recent practice less than a drop of blood is taken out and passed through the standard chemical tests to measure glucose concentration. These methods are expensive as well as painful. The frequent finger puncturing causes calluses on the skin and also increases the risk of spreading infectious diseases. Findings: So, the development of a non-invasive blood glucose measurement system will be boon to the diabetic patients. This paper describes the method of blood sugar measurement in the human blood non-invasively using the painless near infrared based optical technique. The designed system consists of LED emitting signals of 940 nm wavelength. These optical signals are sent through the fingertip and reflected signals are detected by phototransistor placed beside the LED. The glucose concentration in the blood is determined by analyzing the variation in the intensity of received signal obtained after reflection. The results obtained from the designed system shows the feasibility of using NIR based non-invasive method for the measurement of blood glucose. Applications/Improvements: The described system is majorly useful for diabetic patients. The measurement accuracy of the proposed system can be improved by incorporating it with noise filtering techniques.

Keywords

Blood Glucose, Diabetes, Near Infrared, Non-Invasive.

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Suraj Dhalwar ¹, Yashwanth Chinta ¹, B. Karthikeyan ¹

Affiliations
1 Embedded Systems, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

In modern day scenario due to heavy traffic, it is always significant to find a free parking slot to park a vehicle in crowded area. The main motto of this project work is to find the available parking slot to park the vehicle and the current status of free parking slot should available on user mobile application even before visiting the parking area. In this paper the image processing technics is adapted to find the free parking slot. Camera captures the image of parking lot and the image is analyzed to find the possible number of free parking slot. Contour method is implemented to find coloured circle on parking lot which indicate the availability of slot. The various modifications like converting RGB images to HSV are performed on Open CV platform which is installed on Raspberry pi. As Raspberry pi is used it is easy to bridge image processing task and internet connectivity over server. It is efficient to send data over internet in small duration of time. This system provides the proficient way for the user to park vehicle without any guide. This system can be implemented in any public parking place, shopping complex, corporate offices etc. This method can be easily implemented in a short period of time and does not require regular maintenance.

Keywords

Image Processing, Mobile Application, Parking Slot Status, Vehicle Parking Management.

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B. Karthikeyan ¹, M. Rajasekhar Reddy ¹, V. Vaithiyanathan ¹, D. Kannan ¹, A. C. Kosaraju ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur- 613401, IN

Abstract

Objectives: This paper proposes a new method to enhance security for data hiding in radiographic images through distortion of original data. Method: The process involves applying a Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) to the original data, which groups and stores similar patterns in data, causing distortion. This distorted data is then further encoded in a safe format before hiding it in the cover image. The decoding process decoding from the safe format and applying Inverse Burrows-Wheeler Transform (IBWT) to retrieve the original data from the stego image. Findings: Thus, a 2-level security scheme is implemented. Cryptanalysis of the hidden data becomes difficult since the original data is distorted, thus enhancing the security of the hidden data. Nevertheless, the stego image obtained from this method is less deviated from the original cover image. This is shown from the satisfactory PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and MSE (Mean Square Error) obtained. Application/Improvements: This proposed method can be used wherever steganography or data hiding has its applications. This method can be used in commercial communication, military communication etc.

Keywords

Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), Data Hiding, Inverse Burrows-Wheeler Transform (IBWT), Least Significant Bit (LSB), Radiographic Images, Steganography.

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Parag Narkhede ¹, Ritesh Dhawale ¹, B. Karthikeyan ¹

Affiliations
1 Embedded Systems Division, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: This paper aims at designing a system of 5 hoppers where sum of weights is calculated for each combination of 3 of 5 hoppers. When any sum equals target weight then hoppers responsible for that sum will be drained to the packaging system. Methods: A multi-head weigher is a weighing machine which is fast, accurate and reliable. It is used for packing both food and nonfood products. The multihead weigher continuously feeds product into array of weigh hoppers. The computer system determines which combination of hoppers is matching most closely to the target weight. Then these hoppers release their contents into the packaging machine. Findings: Industrial grade microcontroller is used for the decision purpose. The results shows the feasibility of using multihead weigher for fast and accurate packaging operations. Applications/Improvements: The proposed technique is useful in the parallel weighing machines. It has wide applications in the packaging systems.

Keywords

Hopper, Microcontroller, Multi-head Weigher, Packaging System.

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Shefali Malhotra ¹, Surabhi Bhosale ¹, Prachi Joshi ¹, B. Karthikeyan ¹

Affiliations
1 Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objective: To detect blockages in the seed tube using an ultrasonic sensor and reporting the same to a smartphone application. Methods/Analysis: Seeder machines in agricultural operations may face real-time problems of plugging due to stubble, stones or unusually large seeds. The ultrasonic sensor transmits sound waves and uses delay in the received echo signal to measure distance from the sensor to the obstacle (either the flowing seed or the opposite wall of the nozzle). Based on the calculated distance, the flow of seeds through the nozzle can be detected. Findings: At present, a person is employed in the field to look after the seeder machines and detect the blockages, making it more prone to human errors. Thus it is necessary to find an automated and productive solution to detect the blockages in seeder. The proposed solution monitors and report blockages in the nozzles of agricultural seeder machines by using low cost ultrasonic sensors. One such sensor will be placed on each row unit and all these sensors will continuously communicate with a central controller placed on the seeder. The sensors will report nozzle-blockage to the controller and which will then immediately notify the same to the smartphone user via a graphical real-time application. All kinds of blockages such as stones, stubble, unusually large seeds can be detected by this mechanism. These blockages will be reported to the user via a smartphone application (based on GSM) and the exact location of the blockage will be intimated to the user. Looking at the application window, the user will get real-time information about the blocked nozzle in the seeder. Applications/Improvements: The solution offered in this paper can further be improved by using other wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi (instead of GSM used here).

Keywords

GSM Module, Microcontroller, Smartphone Application, Seeder Nozzle, Ultrasonic Distance Sensor.

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