I. M. Qureshi

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The Indian Forester is celebrating its 125th Anniversary in January, 1999. It is the oldest journal of forestry, rendering yeoman service to the cause of scientific forestry since 1875.

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I. M. Qureshi

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I. M. Qureshi

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I. M. Qureshi

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J. A. Singh , I. M. Qureshi

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The role of Forest Research Institute in the initiation and development of Silvicultural research in Bombay State has been briefly described. It was on 14th J anuary, 1940, that the first Silviculturist of Bombay returned from F.R.I. after full initial training of two months. Since then, the succeeding Silviculturists and their staff have had their training at the expert hands of our Alma Mater - the Forest Research Institute. Not only the lacilities lor training which the Forest Research Institute affords are valuabJe, but also F.R.I. is our main source of inspiration, information, guidance, help, collaboration, and co-ordination of the research programme of the entire country. It is a fountain of strength, information and learning which nourishes and enlightens the entire Forest Service in the country.

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I. M. Qureshi

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A Research Programme in forestry has a vital bearing on the solutions of various problems that confront a State and the Country. It is, therefore, very essential that this Research Programme is formulated on a correct and objective appraisal of the problems in their minutest details. For this purpose, a Problem Analysis of the State, region or the Country with reference to the proposed Research Programme is necessary to be done on proper Jines. After the Research Programme is formulated on the basis of the regional Problem Analysis, the Projects included in the programme have to be further analysed in the form of a Project Problem Analysis in order to ensure that the study or investigation is chalked out on scientific and proper lines. Each problem or experiment included in the Project has to be further examined and the techniques and methods have to be carefully selected after an exhaustive review of literature on the subject. This is proposed to be achieved through the Study Plan to be written for each study or experiment. The Study Plan is of great importance in ensuring the pre per implementation of an investigation and its continuity regardless of changes in personnel as it lays down all the material details without ambiguity in clear and precise terms, assigning responsibility and prescribing the targets for each year.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , B. K. Subba Rao , B. G. Dabral

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Soil and water constitute by far the two most valuable natural resources and need to be protected from every loss. The various factors like inadequate vegetative cover, indiscriminate deforestation, excessive grazing, faulty cultivation, unsound agronomical practices, burning, defective land use, and neglect of soil conservation in the catchment areas of many rivers cause severe floods and run-off which result in tremendous damage. Excessive run-off whether it results in floods or not is by itself a wasteful phenomenon involving loss of both soil and utilisable water yield. The water balance of a watershed involving the various losses and gains has been explained. The importance of infiltration, percolation and storage capacity of the soil in governing the surface flow, sub-surface flow and base flow of precipitation has been dealt with. An account has been given of the effect of various soil characteristics on infiltration, percolation and storage capacity as well as water movement and hydrology of a given area. The harmful effects of burning, grazing and other faulty practices on the soil properties and hydrological conditions of a tract have been described. Important features of some common soil groups found in India having a bearing on their moisture relations have been mentioned. The value of soil moisture studies in understanding the water balance and in deciding suitable management practices to prevent floods and run-off has been emphasized. The effect of different vegetative covers on the soil properties, water movement and storage, interception, evapotranspiration, water yield, intensity of run-off and floods and such other aspects which are fundamental to the hydrological cycle of watersheds has been elucidated. The importance of the quality of water yield has been emphasized and has been correlated with the vegetative cover and with soil conditions. The beneficial role of the maintenance of a suitable vegetative cover in the control and prevention of floods has been examined. The protective and ameliorative functions of forests on steep slopes and undulating lands which are highly susceptible to quick run-off and easy soil wash have been emphasized. It has been stated that there is scarcity of scientific data on many such aspects in India. In view of the magnitude and complexity of the problem of run-off and floods the urgent necessity for a correct assessment of the exact requirements of each watershed in the light of varying climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions has been stressed so as to evolve most suitable management practices. An integrated approach to the study of hydro-meteorological elements with the cooperation of different research and administrative organisations in the country has been proposed.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

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The water balance of watersheds involving the losses due to interception, run-off, evaporation, transpiration, underground drainage and the gains due to storage as soil moisture has been discussed. It has been shown that floods take place mainly due to the excess of precipitation over the absorbing capacity of the soil. The changes in moisture content below the soil surface and the effect of these changes on run-off, floods and stream flow are depicted. The effect of various edaphic factors, namely soil texture, structure, depth, organic matter content, character of subsoil, water table, geology and topography on infiltration, percolation and storage capacity as well as on water movement and hydrology of a given area has been brought out clearly. The influence of burning, grazing, mechanical compaction, shifting cultivation, faunal activity. etc., on the soil properties and moisture relations of watersheds has also been dealt with. Important features and analytical data of a few major soil groups found in India have been presented and correlated with their moisture characteristics. The effects of different vegetative covers on the soil mnisture dynamics and water yield have been described, and the value of maintenance of a suitable vegetative cover on the catchment area and creation of conditions conducive to adequate percolation and infiltration in the soil has been emphasized. It has been mentioned that soil moisture studies provide a useful diagnostic basis for understanding the water balance of a catchment area. In view of the magnitude and complexity of the problem need for well planned research has been suggested.

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I. M. Qureshi

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After an extensive field study of the plantations of the so-called "Eucalyptus Hybrid of Mysore Origin" and the parental stock of this eucalypt, it can now be said with some basis that most of the population in the recent plantations of this eucalypt raised in various States consists of Eucalyptus terelicornis, even one can say to the extent of 99%, the rest being mostly a mechanical mixture of stray plants of E. rabusta, and sometimes of E. camaldulenis, E. botryoides and E. melliodora which however need confirnlation. The species exhibits great polymorphism in both shape and size of leaves and hence the plants are liable to be mistaken as variants of a hybrid population. The growth in the plantations does not exhibit the intermediate forms between the parents which a re supposed to be in combination, viz, E. terelicomis, E. robusta E. botryoides and E. camaldulensis. However, progeny trials on a systematic basis are necessary to confirm this. It is also necessary to compare the growth of the so-called Eucalyptus hybrid of Mysore origin with pure certified seeds of E. tereticornis and also E. camaldulensis, both of which occur under widely varying climatic and edaphic conditions in Australia, and suitable provenances of which will be of great value for future work in India. Also, there will be a great advantage to establish seed orchards or seed plots for each State from the plantations already raised , retaining the stems which have grown best. The observations are also based on the discussions the author had with Prof. L.D. Pryor of Australia during his visit to India in Jan-Feb. 1966 when he undertook a short tour of Nandi Hills (Mysore), Bangalore and Ootacamund with the author. Prof. L.D. Pryor felt pretty confident that the "Mysore hybrid" as generally planted mostly E. tereticrnis, even to the extent of 99%.

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I. M. Qureshi , B. K. Subba Rao , B. G. Dabral

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A study towards establishing the rdationship of frost deposition and the prevailing metrorological phenomena in open and sal cover conditions (2 to 600 cm height) during the cold spell of 1963-64, was made at NoW Forest. In the open it was observed that lower minimum temperatures and vapour pressure followed the frosty nights. Mulches were conducive in inducing frost depcsiticn. No frost deposition occurred under sal cover. Although frost caused damage to the standing vegetation, the established shrubs, poles and trees got reclothed with foliage on the return of favourable weather. As frost occurence is a microclimatic phenomenon, it is suggested that the microclimatic effects produced by the forestry operations in vogue be studied in detail and factual scientific data be collected.

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I. M. Qureshi , P. B. L. Srivastava

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The problem of mineral nutrition of forest trees has assumed added significance in the present day forestry practices due to, inter alia, factors like limited forest area, increased demand of raw materials from limited forest land, urgent need for increasing productivity, particularly with fast-growing, short-rotation forest crops, and afforestation of difficult sites having low or poor fertility. 1n this respect, foliar analysis and its interpretation provide a useful tool for a fairly quick assesment of the nutritional imbalances and mineral requirements of trees and correlating the same with availability and uptake of nutrients from the soil under varying conditions. Not only the uptake, but also the return of nutrients to the soil is equally important. Foliar analysis is also very helpful in providing fairly reliable indices for explaining growth patterns of a species under different conditions, for example, in comparing growth between healthy and unhealthy plants in the same plantation. But, it has its own limitations, and therefore, it is a method which is complementary to other techniques employed in nutritional studies such as soil analysis correlation of mineral nutrition, climatic and locality factors with the physiological and ecological characteristic of the species, and many other complex factors which have a direct or indirect influence on the overall performance of a species in a given locality under a particular system of forest management. The paper, therefore, describes both the merits and the limitations of foliar analysis, giving examples from literature which are only illustrative and not exhaustive. Most of the past work on the subject pertains to agricultural and fruit crops, and though it is of comparatively recent origin that the method of foliar analysis has been employed with forest trees yet it has attained a definite place in nutritional investigations on forest crops. With due safeguards and supplemented by other methods, it is no doubt capable of giving reliable results. The paper describes some of the aspects which one must take into consideration while using this method. The paper also emphasises the need for undertaking research on the physiological aspects of the problem, i.e., correlating the entire nutritional cycle with the metabolism of trees with respect to both vegetative growth and reproduction of the species-aspects which are very important in foresty_ We should be able not only to determine the nutritional requirements of a tree but also the role of each element in various physiological processes, and at different stages and periods of its life. If this is done, it would help immensely in understanding the various environmental factors governing growth, the natural and artificial regeneration of forest crops, the phenomena of good and bad seed years the failure or success of plantations and the role of secondary species, and associates, etc.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

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A soil study undertaken in Madhya Pradesh in connection with raising pulpwood plantations for Nepa Mill has been reported. The data on site factors together with morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of six representative soil profiles examined are presented and discussed in detail. They reveal that the soils of the locality mainly belong to the grey brown, black and red soil groups and vary widely in many properties, and thus pose some problem from reforestation point of view. In general, most soils are shallow, neutral to alkaline, calcaleous, low in nutrient and moisture supply, poor in structure, and high in clay content with the exception of some red soils which are acidic, non-calcareous and have relatively better overall fertility status. It has been suggested that the areas with different types of soils be distinguished on a practical basis and most suitable species, soil working techniques, moisture conservation measures and planting techniques be chosen for different areas in order to ensure success.

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T. N. Srivastava , I. M. Qureshi

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The paper focusses attention on the urgent need for afforestation of ten major categories of difficult sites which pose problems to foresters in India. These are; (1) Shifting sand dunes in desert areas, (2) Saline and alkali soils, (3) Ravine lands, (4) Skeletal soils, murrumy soils, and rocky sites including denuded hill slopes, (5) Laterite and lateritic soils, (6) Coastal sea board, (7) Shallow and heavy black soils with or without lime concretions, (8) Cold deserts, (9) Water-logged areas, and (10) Littoral swamps or marshes, and raised mud flats. The characteristic features of each of the above types of areas have been described, together with the work done, difficulties experienced, species used and techniques followed. The extent of these areas is considerable as they total up to no less than 77 million hectares. Apart from the protective and ameliorative value of afforestation to these degraded sites, it is imperative to put these 1ands to productive purposes in view of the ever-increasing demand for firewood, timber and raw materials for wood-based industries in the country. This can be achieved on1y if a com.prehensive study of the edaphic, hydrological, ecological and silvicultural aspects of the problem is undertaken. This is being done at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, and the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, in collaboration with the State Forest Departments.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

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The need of carrying out soil studies in forest areas during the preparation or revision of working plan has been emphasised. The exact procedure together with the traverse to be followed in the field for conducting soil studies particularly of morphological features in the (1) areas of plantation working circles, (2) areas covered by enumeration survey and (3) remaining areas has been described stepwise in chronological sequence. The different items of equipment required during the study have been mentioned. The various observations to be made about site characteristis, vegetation and soil morphology, etc., at each auger boring have been described. The usage at symbols for different observations and the broad basis of classifying the soils into suitable practical units as well as preparing soil maps have been indicated. The methods of digging soil pits, collecting soil samples and recording different observations in soil forms A and B bave been given in detail in the form of appendices. It may, however, be stated that modifications as may be considered necessary to suit local conditions or special objects of study can be made to the proposed procedure.

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I. M. Qureshi

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In 1963, seven species of Eucalypts, viz., E. grandis, E. citriodora, E. gomphocephala, E. kirtoniana, E. tereticornis, E. rohusta, and E.hybrid (Mysore gum syn. E. tereticornis) were planted on a statistical design at Asarori, about 10 kilometres from F.R.I.,in an area which previously carried a coppice crop of Shorea robusta. The measurements taken in March, 1967, i.e., after 4Years, have indicated E.grandis to be fastest-growing with a M.A.I. of 22.138 m³/ha and an average diameter of 9.2 cm ond average height of 12.10 meters, the next best being E. citriodora with a M.AI.of 9.882 m³/ha, while E.hybrid (Mysore gum syn. E.tereticoris) gave a M.A.I. of only 3.15 m³/ha. As compared to Eucalypts, the M.A.I. of the coppice sa1 crop in the neighbourhood in Sample Plot Nos. 38 and 40 of Kansrao are 8.94 and 10.17 m³/ha respectively. Considering this E. grandis for this type of areas near Dehra Dun is the best choice in contrast to E.hybridand also local sal. These results also emphesise the great need for species trials for different climatic and edaphic zones to select best species, even among Eucalypts instead of raising E. hybrid at all place .

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I. M. Qureshi , O. N. Kaul , P. B. L. Srivastava

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The study formed a part of similar work undertaken on the species in other coastal areas where Casuarina is grown. Since in some areas mortality of Cosuarina equisetifolia was reported, it was considered necessary to know the nutrient requirements of the species coupled with soil studies, in order to find out whether the sites where the species is grown meet the requirements. Nutrient requirements of Casuarina equisetifnlia were studied by means of foliar analysis. The results indicate that there is rise in the uptake of N, K and Mg in 4 snd 5 year old crops after which there is not much variation. While Ca uptake does not show any regular trends P uptake is lower in higher age group crops. Since most of the areas where Casuarina is grown have sandy soil, it is suggested that the fertilizer application of all the minerals Except P, to 3-4 years old plantations in the form of a balanced dose may probably result in better growth in area.Where growth is found to be not up to the mark.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

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The necssity and scope of using fertilizers and manures in forestry have been eluci-dated. Some of the work done on fertilizer application with different species in the forests and nurseries in India and abroad has been reviewed. The various problems such the method, dose, form, combination and time of application, type of soil and species to be treated, weed growth, mycorrhizal development, cultural practices and economics, etc., involved in forest fertilisation have been described briefly. In view of meagre available scientific data in Indian forestry the urgent need for conducting statistically designed fertilizer trials on different soils and with different species under varied climatic conditions to evolve suitable effective fertilizer schedules for different areas, where such an application is required has been suggested. It is emphasised that arbitrary application of fertllizers without assesing the deficiencies of the local soil should be avoided, as these could often lead to either wastage of the fertilizer or harm to the crop either due to overdoses or due to imbalance of the nutrients. Further, to keep up the initial acceleration in growth, it may be necessary to repeat fertilization at suitable intervals in the long life of a forest crop.

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I. M. Qureshi , P. B. L. Srivastava , N. K. S. Bora

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An investigation was conducted to study the effect of weeding and soil working on the growth and establishment of natural regeneration of sal resulting from a profuse seed crop in 1963 in the F.R.I. Estate. Plots were laid out in three varying light conditions ,viz., (i) in the open, (ii) in partial shade, and (iii) in sal plantations in Demonstration Area. Regular treatments of weeding and soil working were given and survival, height growth and dying-back of seedlings recorded. Besides, moisture and light variations were also measured. The results indicate that both these cultural operations, viz., weeding and soil working are most beneficial in respect of growth and survival of the seedlings in the open and in the partial shade. In the open soil moisture appears to be limiting factor as the growth showed marked improvement in height with weeding and soil working. And since some of the seedlings were putting on vigorous growth their requirements of moisture and nutrient. Resulted in so-to-say 'natural thinning' of the excess number of seedlings with reference to a particular site. In the plantations, the comparatively poor light conditions appear to be responsible for the poor growth and survival though the soil moisture was in no way deficient particularly in weeded and soil worked plots as compared to the other two categories of plots. In partial shade, both soils moisture and light conditions were favourable resulting in both better growth and survival of seedlings. It is concluded that ideal light conditions have to be synchronised with these cultural operations in order to get the best results.

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I. M. Qureshi

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The concept or fast growth in forestry is not absolute but related to the objects in view, site productivity, differential performance of a species at different periods of its life with special reference to the size and quality of produce required and the economics involved. Of equal importance is the total weight of cellulosic material produced and its relative recovery in the finished product particularly in case of pulp industry. Without denouncing the present search for fast-growing exotics to meet the evergrowing demand of wood, the paper focuses attention on some of indigenous species which are as fast-growing as, and in some cases even much more than, the much-coveted eucalypts, tropical pines and poplars and satisfy the criteria commonly accepted for a fast-growing species, viz., a minimum M.A.I. of 10 m³ per ha. Special mention in this respect is made of Gmelina arborea, Cedrela toona, Terminalia myriocarpa, Michelia champaca, Anthocephalus cadamba, Trewia nudiflora, Lophopetalum fimbriatum, Artocarpus chaplasha and some others. Lamb, A.F.A., reports from U.K. that the most important fast-growing tropical hardwoods is Cedrela. A species may be fast-growing up to a certain age and not beyond and therefore for different purposes different species could serve as fast-vowing. With the present emphasis on pulpwoods, and short-rotation crops, some of the indigenous species could as well be as useful as the exotics without the risks and uncertainties involved in the case of the exotics. Also, for different productivity zones, based on major climatic and edaphic types, different species could serve the purposes in view.

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I. M. qureshi

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R. C. Kaushik , I. M. Qureshi

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The importance of industrial plantations has received due consideration in forestry development plans of the country. In the first two plans (1951-56 and 1956-61), nearly 2,65,800 ha of plantations of valuable species were raised, followed by 84,8OO ha of plantations of quick growing species like Eucalyptus and 2,38,300 ha of economic species like teak, sissoo, rosewood, etc., in the Third Plan (1961-66). During 1966-67, 1967-68, another 2,12,000 ha of plantations of industrial woods were undertaken. During the IV Plan the target for plantations of quick-growing species is envisaged as 4,50,OOO ha at a cost of approximately 310 million rupees. Though the country has more than 1 million ha under plantations today, there are some aspects of silviculture, management and economics of industrial plantations which need immediate attention both in respect of present requirements and future planning to achieve maximum efficiency and benefits. Briefly, these are: (i) Selection of species to suit not only the site but also the end-products. (ii) Size of industrial plantations and diversification of species with due regard to pests and diseases, protection from fire, market trends and technological developments, etc. (iii) Seed supply, testing, and use of improved seeds and provenances. (iv) Plantation techniques, mechanisation, etc. (v) Initial espacement, correlation of growth with productive potential of site. (vi)Use of fertilisers and manures.(vii)Testing for Wood-Quality.(viii)Rotation and Yield.(ix)Economics of Investments and Returns.(x)Research Needs. The paper focusses attention on the above aspects in relation to present conditions and requirements for future.

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R. C. Kaushik , I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

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The paper describes the results of an investigation undertaken in November, 1967 and June, 1968, in connection with the All-India Eucalyptus Study Tour and Symposium, in the States of Haryana and Punjab respectively to study the soil conditions supporting good as well as poor growth of Eucalyptus hybrid (Mysore gum) plantations where water was applied in the initial stages. The plantations ranged from one to six years of age (1962-1967) as listed in Table 1. This species fails to grow on the saline alkali soils which have p^H>10 and soluble salt content >0.7% and possess compact indurated sub-soil due to impervious pan, mostly kankar pan. Such sites should not be planted with this species unless soil conditions are reclaimed to the desired level and/or suitable planting method and soil working technique including perforation of impervious pan are adopted to overcome the adverse factors. Prolonged water-logging is also highly detrimental. The growth is arrested on the soils which are non-saline but have p^H>9 and also on the scils which have p^H<8.5 but with a salt content exceeding 1.0%. The species tolerates moderately calcareous soils and is able to grow satisfactorily on the soils having p^H < 9 and a soluble, salt content up to 0.3%. but still better growth is attained on a soil having p^H < 8.5 and soluble salt content <0.2%. The growth is also quite good on a light-textured alluvial soil which has adequate moisture supply as a result of high water table in the vicinity of a river. Provision of water in the initial stages of establishment is beneficial for the growth of this species under the local conditions. Systematic experiments are however required to be conducted to determine the most suitable watering or irrigation regime, soil-working and planting techniques and fertilizer application.

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B. G. Dabral , B. K. Subba Rao , I. M. Qureshi

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A preliminary study of the extremes of weather elements, (temperature and humidity) inside the forest plantations of chir (Pinus roxburghii) and bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) has been made, observations being made at different heights from ground surface to five feet. It was observed that both the air temperature and humidity were modified by the sheltering as well as the blanketing effects of vegetation cover. It was also observed that fair weather conditions induced the maximum differences in the temperature behaviour.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

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The results of a soil investigation conducted in some bamboo forests of Assam in December 1963 have been reported in this paper. The soils of the different bamboo species show wide variations in many physical and chemical characteristics and assume greater significance on account of the shallow ischolar_main system of the species. The soils under Bambusa tulda and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii occurring in the semi-evergreen forests contain higher amounts of clay and silt than those under Melocanna bambusoides, Teinostachyum dullooa and Oxytenananthera nigrociliata occurring in the Cachar evergreen forests. The soil under B.tulda possesses the highest clay fraction, organic matter, nitrogen, calcium, potassium and phosphorus, whereas the soil under T.dullooa and O.nigrociliata exhibits the highest amount of sand and lowest reserve of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The data indicate that the latter species are capable of growing satisfactorily even on coarse-textured soils provided sufficient moisture is available. In view of immense potentiality for industrial utilisation and extensive area occupied by several bamboo species in Assam, the need for more systematic intensified studies to know precisely the relationship between soils and bamboos has been suggested.

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I. M. Qureshi

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Forests constitute one of the most important natural resources which play vital role in the socio-economic development of the country and in the provision of a variety of goods and services whose conservation, and management in perpetuity is essential for the welfare of the people.Forests of India perform a multiple role. productive, protective, bio-esthetic and recreational apart from being of high biological and scientific value. The total land area of the country is 326.8 million ha of which forests occupy 75.3 million ha, i.e., 28.1 % (of which about 6% are coniferous forests and the rest broad-leaved) of the land area in contrast to agriculture which occupies about 48%. The role of forests in the protection of catchments and of agriculture lands from floods, soil erosion and in maintenance or fertility is therefore great. Equally important is the contribution of forests towards development of various wood-based industries essentially required for the overall economic development of the country. The forests of the country are also the habitat of a variety of fauna whose preservation and conservation is of great importance. The population of the country (estimates for mid year 1968 is about 524 million. Thus, India has over 15% of the world's population with only, 1.8% of the world's forests to cater to ever increasing diverse requirements both for local consumption and industrial develoment. Further, out of 75 million ha of forests, as much as 10 million ha or 13.3 % is under protection forests which occupy hilly and mountainous regions or are located on strategic areas where vegetation is solely required for protective functions. Of the remaining area, only 59.2 million ha are merchantable which is about 78.6% of the total forest land. Even in this merchantable forest land most of the area is worked under silvicultural systems which ensure adequate protection to fauna and flora as c1earfelling for plantations is limited to very small percentage. Taking latest figures the man-made forets cover only 1.7% of the total forest area or 1.8 million ha of plantations.The management of forests is in tune with the objectives and concepts of nature conservation which according to IUCN is defined as "The rational use of earth's resources to achieve the highest quality of living for mankind", which of course,has to be in perpetuity.

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I. M. Qureshi

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