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- Tushar Sonar
- S. Malarvizhi
- Namita Dusane
- S. Guhathakurta
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- Swati Bhattacharyya
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- N. Sankar
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- S. Sree Sabari
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Journals
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Balasubramanian, V.
- Design of a Document Acquisition System Database
Abstract Views :239 |
PDF Views:7
Authors
Affiliations
1 R&D Centre for Iron & steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi 834 002, IN
1 R&D Centre for Iron & steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi 834 002, IN
Source
Journal of Information and Knowledge (Formerly SRELS Journal of Information Management), Vol 23, No 1 (1986), Pagination: 57-71Abstract
A document acquisition control system database is designed to meet all functional requirements of acquisition process that are inherent with in frequent exceptions and also to handle the complex nature of bibliographical data efficiently towards integrated library house keeping procedures. Several function oriented physical Databases (PDBS) together with their logical relationships constitute the total Database, PDBS employ multi-list organization using appropriate access methods, viz., ISAM, DAM and ISAM/OSAM. The database is supported by recovery facilities and protected by security measures.
- Role of IoT and AI in Welding Industry 4.0
Abstract Views :385 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 G.S.Mandal's Maharashtra Institute of Technology,Aurangabad - 431010, Maharashtra State, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu State, IN
3 Department of Computer Science and Applications, Hinduja College of Commerce Mumbai 400004, Maharashtra State, IN
1 G.S.Mandal's Maharashtra Institute of Technology,Aurangabad - 431010, Maharashtra State, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu State, IN
3 Department of Computer Science and Applications, Hinduja College of Commerce Mumbai 400004, Maharashtra State, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 55, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 54-62Abstract
The IoT (Internet of Thing) basically pertains to the concept of linking anything that is powered both to the internet and each other and simulating human intelligence by machines, particularly computer systems is artificial intelligence. It includes learning (acquisition of data and rules for exploiting the data), logic (exploiting rules to arrive at probable or definitive findings) and selfrectification. Many automatic welding machines are now connected to a computer and are fully networked and can be reached anywhere in world from a computer at any time. The first apparent use would be in the evaluation and configuration of the equipment itself, as the equipment must be regularly interfaced with a network to perform these functions. Future IoT technology for the welding sector is likely to emerge largely as part of an artificial intelligence network, as it would be extremely beneficial to control and monitor functions even though the system is not in connection with internet. Simulating human intelligence by machines, specifically computers is known as Artificial intelligence (AI). It includes learning (acquisition of data and rules for exploiting the data), logic (exploiting rules to arrive at probable or definitive findings) and self-rectification. AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. AI will have IoT flexibility which would play a major role in complying the requirements of Welding Industry 4.0.References
- Avinash B, Industry 4.0 and related technologies, May 28, 2020,https://www.apo-tokyo.org/resources/ articles/industry-4-0-and-related-technologies/
- Manca D, Brambilla S, Colombo S (2013); Bridging between Virtual Reality and accident simulation for training of process-industry operators. Advances in Engineering Software, 55, 1-9.
- Zhong RY, Xu X, Klotz E, Newman ST (2017); Intelligent manufacturing in the context of industry 4.0: A review. Engineering, 3(5), 616-630.
- Schuster M, Larsen L (2017); Autonomous manufacturing of composite parts by a multi-robot system. Procedia Manufacturing,11, 249-255.
- Reisgen U, Mann S, Middeldorf K, Sharma R, Buchholz G, Willms K (2019); Connected, digitalized welding production - industry 4.0 in gas metal arc welding.Welding in the World, 63, 1121–1131.
- Nizam MSH, Marizan S, Zaki SA (2016); Vision based identification and classification of weld defects in welding environments: a review. Indian Journal of Science Technology, 9, 1–5.
- Villani V, Pini F, Leali F, Secchi C. (2018); Survey on human–robot collaboration in industrial settings: Safety, intuitive interfaces and applications, Mechatronics, 55, 248-266.
- Simoens P, Dragone M, Saffiotti A (2018); The internet of robotic things: A review of concept, added value and applications, International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 15, 1, 1729881418759424.
- Bonomi F, Milito R, Natarajan P, Zhu J (2014); Fog computing: A Platform for Internet of Things and Analytics,” in Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, Springer, 169-186.
- Latz B, How the Internet of Things will impact the welding & Manufacturing Industries, http://www.ktig.com/2017-blog/how-will-the-internet-of-thingsimpact-the-welding-manufacturing-industries, May 21st 2018.
- Posch G, Jürgen B, Krissanaphusit A (2017); Internet of Things / Industry 4.0 and Its Impact on Welding, Journal of Japan Welding Society, 86 (4 ), 236-242.
- Pan Y (2016) Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0. Engineering, 2, 409–13.
- Zhou J, Li P, Zhou Y, Wang B, Zang J, Meng L (2018) Toward new-generation intelligent manufacturing, Engineering, 4, 11–20.
- Veikkolainen M. Internet of Welding reaching for the top of competitiveness. May 12, 2017.https://welding value.com/2017/05/internet-of-welding-reaching-forthe-top-of-competitiveness
- Chao C, Na Lv, Shanben C (2018); Data driven welding expert system structure based on internet of things, Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing, 45-60.
- Ji Z, Yanhong Z, Baicun W, Jiyuan Z (2019); Human–cyber–physical systems (HCPSs) in the context of new-generation intelligent manufacturing, Engineering, 4, 624–36.
- Wang, B, Hu, SJ, Sun L, Freiheit T (2020); Intelligent welding system technologies: State-of-the-art review and perspectives, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 56, 373–391.
- https://www.metalformingmagazine.com/magazine/article/Default.asp?/2016/3/1/Captured:_Real-Time_Welding_Data_to_Optimize_Quality,_Efficiency (Accessed on December 17, 2020)
- Chantry B (2020); Cloud based production monitoring reshapes weld performance tracking. https://www.lincolnelectric.com/en-us/support/process-and-theory/Pages/cloud-based-production-monitoring. aspx(Accessed on December 17, 2020)
- https://www.fronius.com/en/welding-technology/infocentre/magazine/2017/successfully-leveraging-dataassets (Accessed on December 17, 2020)
- https://www.fronius.com/en-us/usa/weldingtechnology/world-of-welding/welding-data-collection (Accessed on December 17, 2020)
- ESAB WeldCloud (2020);. https://www.esabna.com/us/en/weldcloud/index.cfm (Accessed on December 17, 2020)
- Is Gamma Irradiation as a Secondary Sterilization Procedure Required for Decellularized Xenogenic Tissue Material?
Abstract Views :372 |
PDF Views:151
Authors
Affiliations
1 Rehabilitation Bioengineering Group, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
2 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, IN
1 Rehabilitation Bioengineering Group, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
2 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 3 (2016), Pagination: 337-344Abstract
Biological tissues for clinical use typically require gamma irradiation to achieve targeted sterility assurance level (SAL). Gamma radiation produces deleterious changes to physical and surface properties of tissues. In this study, we evaluate the requirement of gamma irradiation as a secondary sterilization procedure by comparing it with non-irradiated chemically treated xenograft tissues. Sixty four bovine pericardia (BP) were decellularized and subjected to nonconventional (glutaraldehyde free) cross-linking. Xenograft samples were screened for bacterial and fungal contaminations both at pre- and post-processing stages, after cross-linking and preservation. Microbial evaluations performed revealed that the xenografts were rendered 'microbe free' by subjecting to a new multistaged decellularization technique and cross-linking. Five of these cross-linked tissues were subjected to gamma irradiation as recommended by IAEC and were tested for surface and mechanical properties to understand the ultrastructure, surface and bulk properties. Surface tension and thrombogenicity parameters were also evaluated. Gamma-irradiated specimen showed reduced physical and mechanical properties of these xenogenic tissues significantly along with biological property. Validation and analysis led us to conclude that this microbe-free decellularization method and subsequent processing for xenogenic tissues is a viable alternative for clinical usage without the deleterious secondary sterilization using gamma irradiation.Keywords
Bovine Pericardium, Decellularized Xenograft, Gamma Irradiation, Thrombogenicity.Full Text
References
- Roberto, S. B., Use of radiation in biomaterials science. Nucl. Inst. Meth. B, 2001, 191(1–4), 752–757.
- Hafeez, Y. M. et al., Effect of freeze-drying and gamma irradiation on biomechanical properties of bovine pericardium. Cell Tissue Bank, 2005, 6, 85–89.
- Lobo, G. A., Tissue banking in India: Gamma-irradiated allografts. Cell Tissue Bank., 2003, 4, 203–211.
- Sterilization of health care products – Radiation – Part 2: Establishing the sterilization dose, ISO 11137-2: 2013.
- Tokuhiro, I., Victor, J. F., Michael, J., Steven, W. B., Boyce, B. A. and William, C. R., Structure of bovine parietal pericardium and of unimplanted Ionescu–Shiley pericardial valvular bioprostheses. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 1981, 81, 747–757.
- Balasundari, R. et al., Post processing complete microbe free porcine xenograft suitable for clinical use. Indian J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2007, 23, 240–245.
- Guhathakurta, S. et al., Thrombogenicity studies of three different variants of processed bovine pericardium. IRBM, 2008, 29(4), 223–230.
- Guhathakurta, S. et al., Technique to process xenogenic tissues for cardio vascular implantation. Curr. Sci., 2006, 91(8), 1068– 1073.
- Simmons, A., Sterilization of medical devices business briefing. Graduate school of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Business briefing: Medical device manufacturing and technology, 2004.
- Rimnac, C. M., Klein, R. W., Betts, F. and Wright, T. M., Postirradiation aging of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. J. Bone Joint Surg., 1994, 76(7), 1052–1056.
- Cheung, D. T., Perelman, N., Tong, D. and Nimne, M. E., The effect of gamma-irradiation on collagen molecules, isolated alpha chains, and cross-linked native fibres. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1990, 24(5), 581–589.
- Hill, D. J. T., Lewis, D. A., O’Donnell, J. H. and Whittaker, A. K., The crosslinking mechanism in gamma irradiation of polyarylsulfone: evidence for Y-links. Polym. Adv. Technol., 1998, 9(1), 45–51.
- Oral, E. and Muratoglu, O. K., Radiation cross-linking in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene for orthopaedic applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2007, 265(1), 18–22.
- Verin, V. et al., Intraarterial beta irradiation prevents neointimal hyperplasia in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit restenosis model. Circulation, 1995, 92, 2284–2290.
- Hehrlein, C., Zimmermann, M., Metz, J., Fehsenfeld, P. and von Hodenberg, E., Radioactive coronary stent implantation inhibits neointimal proliferation in non-atherosclerotic rabbits. Circulation, 1993, 88(s1), 1–651.
- Hehrlein, C., Riessen, R., Gollan, T., Dsnges, K., Fehsenfeld, P. and von Hodenberg, E., Arterial wall cell distribution after implantation of radioactive stents. Circulation, 1994, 90(s1), 1–597.
- Stein, P. D., Alpert, J. S., Dalen, J. E., Horstkotte, D. and Turpie, A. G., Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest, 1998, 114, 602s–610s.
- Forti, F. L., Goissis, G. and Plepis, A. M. G., Modifications on collagen structures promoted by 1,4-dioxane improve thermal and biological properties of bovine pericardium as a biomaterial. J. Biomat. Appl., 2006, 20, 267–285.
- Kennedy, J. F., Phillips, G. O. and Williams, P. A., Sterilisation of Tissues Using Ionising Radiations, ISBN-10: 0849337976/ISBN13: 978-0849337970, CRC Press, 2005.
- Mukherjee, R. N., Radiation: A Means of Sterilization, Radiation Biology, Division of Life Sciences, IAEA; http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull176/17605882837.pdf
- Computer - Assisted Document Acquisition System
Abstract Views :355 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi-834 002, IN
1 R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi-834 002, IN
Source
Journal of Information and Knowledge (Formerly SRELS Journal of Information Management), Vol 23, No 2 (1986), Pagination: 73-84Abstract
This paper outlines an operational online acquisition system and describes, in brief, various activities involved in the automated environment. Software development characteristic, and factors influencing the portability with respect to hardware/system software requirements are discussed. The system operates on hierarchical menu-driven commands. Its features include duplication checking for orders as well as for payments, generation of different types of claims at stipulated intervals, online enquiries from users and variety of reports/forms generation.- Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characteristics of Rotating Arc Gas Metal Arc Welded Carbon Steel Joints
Abstract Views :326 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Annamalai University, Annamalainagar (P.O), Tamilnadu, IN
1 Annamalai University, Annamalainagar (P.O), Tamilnadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 20, No 5-6 (2021), Pagination: 21-30Abstract
Low carbon steels are widely used in the manufacturing sectors due to their easy weldability than other carbon steels. Usually, the welding processes like shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) are used for welding thick low carbon steel plates. Recently, a novel “rotary arc” or “spin arc” technique is developed with a rotary motion of filler wire that can change the flow of the weld puddle. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to join 12mm thick carbon steel plates made by stationary arc gas metal arc welding (SA-GMAW) and rotating arc gas metal arc welding (RA-GMAW) processes. The objective of present paper is to study the influence of rotating arc on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of GMA welded carbon steel joints. The results indicated that the arc rotation of GMAW process yielded 15% improvement in joint efficiency than the conventional stationary arc process.Keywords
Carbon Steel, Rotating Arc Welding, Tensile Properties, Impact Toughness and Microstructural Characteristics.References
- Armstrong, R. W. (2017). Dislocation pile-ups, strength properties and fracturing. Advanced Materials Science, 48, 1-12.
- ASTM. (2014). Standard test methods for notched bar impact testing of metallic materials. ASTM E 23-2014.
- Elwazri, A. M., & Wanjara, P. (2002). The effect of microstructural characteristics of pearlite on the mechanical properties of hypereutectoid steels. Material Science Engineering. A, 404.
- Kumar, R., Arya, H.K., & Saxena, R. K. (2014). Effect of cooling rate on microstructure of saw welded mild steel plate (Grade C 25 as per IS 1570). International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 4(1), 222–228.
- Mehran, R., Mahya, G., Alireza, V., & Nasiri, A. (2019). Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a low-carbon low-alloy steel produced by wire arc additive manufacturing. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing and Technology, 2, 01-14.
- Mohammad, S., Hosseini, K., & Zarei-Hanzaki, A. (2015). Effects of ferrite phase characteristics on microstructure and mechanical properties of thermo mechanically-processed low-silicon content TRIP-assisted steels. Material Science Engineering. A, 626, 229-236.
- Morris, J. W. (2001). The influence of grain size on the mechanical properties of steel. UK.01.
- World-Pipelines, Article. January (2015). 67-75.
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- HBRA-Hedge Way for Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Abstract Views :182 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-23, IN
1 Department of Computer Science, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-23, IN
Source
Wireless Communication, Vol 3, No 14 (2011), Pagination: 995-998Abstract
Security is the essential requirement in wireless ad-hoc networks to provide the protected communication between the nodes. The fact that the mobile ad-hoc networks are the lack of fixed infrastructure and use the wireless links for communications to make them very susceptible to an adversary‟s malicious attacks. Due to this feature of freedom and unconstrained mobility, it is prone to many security related problems. One of the problem in ad-hoc network is a black hole attack and it is easily employed by exploiting vulnerability of ad-hoc networks. In black hole attack, the attacker‟s node will always have the availability in replying to the route request and thus intercept the data packet and then retain it. In this paper, we address the problem of packet forwarding misbehavior and present a new technique HBR to detect and remove the black hole attack using NBT(Next Bounds Table), RQCT (Request connection table) and RSCT (Response connection table) Tables. This technique gives the better solution to improve the overall performance of the network and isolates the black hole attack from the network. And also it identifies the correct path to transmit the data packets safely.Keywords
Ad-Hoc, Black Hole Attack, Routing Packets, Security.- Corrosion and Metallurgical Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Under NaCl Environment
Abstract Views :255 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 11 (2016), Pagination: 9-28Abstract
An investigation was carried out to quantify and characterize the corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy. The specimens were underwent immersion, salt spray, pitting and galvanic corrosion tests in order to quantify and characterize the corrosion rates of the AZ31B specimens with the influence of different pH values, chloride ion concentration and the corrosion time. An attempt was also made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. Response surface methodology was used to develop the relationship. The developed relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy at 95% confidence level. The results show that the corrosion rate was higher in salt spray corrosion tests than the immersion, pitting and galvanic corrosion tests.Keywords
AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, Response Surface Methodology, Corrosion Rate.References
- Kemal, Mustafa; Kulekci: Magnesium and its alloys applications in automotive industry, ‘International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology’, vol. 39, no. 9, 2008, 851-865.
- Modike, BL; Ebert, T: Magnesium: Properties applications - potential, ‘Materials Science and Engineering A’, vol. 302, no. 6, 2001, 37-45.
- Kojima, Y: Platform Science and Technology for Advanced Magnesium Alloys, ‘Materials Science Forum’, vol. 3, 2000, 350–351.
- Zhou, WQ; Shan, DY; Han, EH; Ke, W: Initial corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition, ‘Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China’, vol. 18, no. 2, 2008, 334-338.
- Zhao, M; Wu, S: A Chromium free conversion coating of magnesium alloy by a phosphate permanganate solution, ‘Surface and Coatings Technology’, vol. 200, no. 18, 2006, 5407-5412.
- Rong-chang Zeng; Jin Zhang; Wei-jiu Huang; Dietzel, W; Kainer, KU; Blawert, C; Wei Ke: Review of studies on corrosion of magnesium alloys, ‘Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China’, vol. 16, no. 2, 2006, 763-771.
- Feng Liu; Ying-Wei Song; Da-Yong Shan; En-Hou Han: Corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated acid rain solution ‘Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China’, vol. 20, 2010, 638-642.
- Lei Wang; Tadashi Shinohara; Bo-Ping Zhang: Influence of chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate anions on the corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy, ‘Journal of Alloys and Compounds’, vol. 496, no.1, 2010, 500-507.
- Yingwei Song; Dayong Shan; Rongshi Chen; En-Hou Han: Effect of second phases on the corrosion behaviour of wrought Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy, ‘Corrosion Science’, vol. 52, no. 5, 2010, 1830-1837.
- Ambat, R; Aung, N; Zhou, W: Evaluation of microstructural effects of corrosion behavior of AZ91 D Mg alloy, ‘Corrosion Science’, vol. 42, no. 8, 2008, 1433-1455.
- Pardo, A; Merino, MC; Coy, AE; Viejo, F; Arrabal, R; Feliu Jr, S: Influence of microstructure and composition on the corrosion behavior of Mg/Al alloys in chloride media, ‘Electrochimica Acta’, vol. 53, no. 27, 2008, 7890-7902.
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- Influence of Welding Speed on Tensile and Impact Properties of Friction Stir Welded High Strength Low Alloy Steel Joints
Abstract Views :235 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept., of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Marine Metallurgy Dept., Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai, Maharastra, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept., of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Marine Metallurgy Dept., Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai, Maharastra, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 6 (2016), Pagination: 15-24Abstract
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel has drawn attention of researchers worldwide owing to its many benefits in construction of warships. In order to improve the weld quality and tool life, it is important to optimize the welding speed with the objective of producing defect free friction stir welded HSLA steel joints with excellent combination of strength and toughness. Hence, in this investigation an attempt has been made to understand the influence of welding speed on tensile and impact toughness properties of friction stir welded high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel joints. Five different welding speeds (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mm/min respectively) and constant tool rotational speed (600 rpm) are used to fabricate the HSLA steel joints. Due to the formation of lath upper bainite and acicular ferrite microstructure in the stir zone under optimum heat input condition could be the reason for superior mechanical properties of the joint fabricated using welding speed of 30 mm/min compared to other joints.Keywords
Friction Stir Welding, Welding Speed, HSLA Steel, Tensile Properties.- Developing Empirical Relationship to Predict the Strength of Friction STIR Lap Welded Joints of AA2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Abstract Views :209 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
2 Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Bangalore, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
2 Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Bangalore, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 3 (2016), Pagination: 12-23Abstract
AA2014 aluminum alloy (Al-Cu alloy) has been widely utilized in fabrication of lightweight structures like aircraft structures, demanding high strength to weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. The fusion welding of these alloys will lead to solidification problems such as hot cracking, alloy segregation, partially melted zone, and porosity. Friction stir welding is a new solid state welding process, in which the material being welded does not melt and recast. Lot of research works have been carried out by many researchers to optimize process parameters and establish empirical relationships to predict tensile strength of friction stir welded butt joints of aluminum alloys. However, very few investigations have been carried out on friction stir welded lap joints of aluminum alloys. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to develop empirical relationship to predict strength of friction stir lap welded (FSLW) joints of AA2014 aluminum alloy using statistical tools such as design of experiments (DoE), analysis of variance (ANOVA). The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict the strength of friction stir welded lap joints of AA2014 -T6 aluminum alloy at the 95% confidence level.Keywords
Friction STIR Welding, Aluminum Alloy, Design of Experiment, Lap Joint, Tensile Strength.- Performance of Plasma Transferred ARC Hard Faced Friction Stir Welding Tools for Joining AA7075-T6 Aluminium Alloy
Abstract Views :242 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 5 (2016), Pagination: 17-26Abstract
In the present work an attempt was made to develop low cost high temperature wear resistance hard facing tools. The hard facing was applied on mild steel rod using chromium carbide powder and tungsten carbide powder by plasma transferred arc (PTA) hard facing technique. A comparative study was done to study the performance of hard facing tools with conventional tools. In this work, friction stir welding of AA7075-T6 plate of 6 mm thickness was investigated with an aim to understand the performance of tool materials on weld microstructure and tensile properties. The results showed that sound joints can be achieved with a joint efficiency of 83% while using PTA hard faced tools with careful selection of optimized process parameters.Keywords
Plasma Transferred Arc Hard Facing, Friction Stir Welding, Aluminum Alloy, Tensile Properties.- Microstructural Characterization and Immersion Corrosion Behavior of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Alumina Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy in Nacl Solution
Abstract Views :233 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 10-23Abstract
Plasma sprayed ceramic coatings are successfully used in many industrial applications, where high wear and corrosion resistance with thermal insulation are required. The corrosion degradation of a uncoated and atmospheric plasma sprayed alumina (APS) coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated using immersion corrosion test in NaCl solutions of different chloride ion concentrations viz., 0.01 M, 0.2 M, 0.6M and 1M. The corroded surface was characterized by an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the corrosion deterioration of uncoated and coated samples were significantly influenced by chloride ion concentration. The uncoated magnesium and alumina coatings was found to offer a superior corrosion resistance in lower chloride ion concentration NaCl solutions (0.01M and 0.2MNaCl). On the other hand the coatings and Mg alloy substrate were found to be highly susceptible to localized damage, and could not provide an effective corrosion protection in solutions containing higher chloride concentrations (0.6M and 1 M). It was found that the corrosion resistance of the ceramic coatings and base metal gets deteriorated with the increase in the chloride concentrations.Keywords
Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, Magnesium Alloy, Chloride Ion Concentration, Corrosion, NaCl.- Effect of Tool Velocity Ratio on Microstructural Characteristics of Friction Stir Processed Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composite
Abstract Views :233 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 11-19Abstract
Stir casted aluminium (Al) based metal matrix composites (MMCs) have inferior properties due to uneven distribution of reinforcement particles. Friction stir processing (FSP) is used to overcome the uneven distribution of SiC particles in the Al matrix. The FSPed microstructure is significantly influenced by the process parameters used for processing. In FSP, the effect of tool velocity ratio (Tool rotation velocity/Tool travel velocity) on material flow, material mixing, material consolidation is predominant than other parameters. Hence a perfect combination of tool rotation speed and tool traverse speed is required to produce the surface modification. In this investigation the tool rotation speed is varied from 800 rpm to 1200 rpm while the tool rotation speed is maintained constant at 40 mm/min. The FSPed zones produced for different toolvelocity ratiowere subjected to micro structural characterization using optical microscope and SEM. From this investigation it is found that tool velocity ratio of 2.62 exhibited defect free stir zone with higher hardness compared to other ratios. The reasons for the above effects are discussed in detail in this paper.- Predicting Corrosion Rate of Weld Nugget (Stir Zone) of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Joints of Aluminium - Magnesium Alloys
Abstract Views :240 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 15, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 20-28Abstract
Joining of dissimilar alloys such as Aluminium (Al) and Magnesium (Mg) by fusion welding processes was very difficult due to formation of Al12Mg17 intermetallic compounds in fusion zone. However, friction stir welding (FSW) is expected to join dissimilar alloys with adequate joint strength because it is a solid-state process. But the Al/Mg FSW dissimilar joints are more prone to corrosion attack due to intercalated microstructure present in weld nugget (stir zone). The limitation of low corrosion resistance restricts practical applications of these types of joints. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the corrosion rate of nugget region of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of AA6061 Al - AZ31B Mg alloys. Three important immersion corrosion test parameters, namely, chloride ion concentration, pH value and immersion time are chosen as input parameters. Three factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix is used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. Response surface methodology is used to develop an empirical relationship. The developed relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of AA6061 Al - AZ31B Mg alloys at 95 % confidence level. The methodology adopted to develop the relationship is presented in this paper.- Friction Stir Welding of Copper Alloys by PTA Hardfaced Chromium Carbide Tools
Abstract Views :554 |
PDF Views:6
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 49, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 70-78Abstract
In the present work an attempt was made to develop high temperature wear resistant hardfaced tools for friction stir welding (FSW) of commercial grade copper alloys. Hardfacing was applied on mild steel rod using chromium carbide forming powder by plasma transferred arc (PTA) hardfacing process. Commercially available tool materials like high carbon steel (HCS), high speed steel (HSS) and super high speed steel (SHSS) were also used to friction stir weld copper alloy for comparison purpose. From this investigation, it is found that the PTA hardfaced tool yielded defect free joints without tool wear compared to other tools. The optimum level of heat generation, formation of finer grains and higher hardness of stir zone are main reasons for the superior tensile properties of the joints fabricated by PTA hardfaced tungsten carbide tools.
Keywords
Plasma Transferred arc Hardfacing, Friction Stir Welding, Copper Alloy, Tensile Properties, Microstructure.- Optimizing the Friction Welding Parameters to Maximize Tensile Strength of Sus 304HCu Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube Joints
Abstract Views :406 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 48, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 41-49Abstract
The SUS 304HCu austenitic stainless steel is used in superheater / reheater of ultra super critical boilers for their high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance. Cu addition to steels can have adverse effects on the mechanical properties during fusion welding as it can form low temperature eutectic phases that preferentially segregate to the grain boundaries and embrittle the alloy. Friction welding is a solid state welding process where the bonding takes place well below the melting temperature of the alloy, combined with the autogenous nature of this welding process minimizes the adverse effects of low temperature eutectics segregation. Hence, in this investigation an attempt has been made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the tensile strength of the friction welded SUS 304HCu tubes of 57.1 mm outer diameter and 3.5 mm thick using statistical tools such as design of experiments, analysis of variance and regression analysis. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process variables and maximum joint efficiency of 99% was achieved using the optimized friction welding variables.Keywords
SUS 304HCu, Friction Welding, Design of Experiments, Tensile Properties.- Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict the Strength of Friction Stir Spot Welded Dissimilar Joints of Aluminum Alloy with Carbon Steel
Abstract Views :490 |
PDF Views:6
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 49, No 3 (2016), Pagination: 61-69Abstract
The present investigation aims at developing an empirical relationship to predict the tensile shear strength of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimiiar joints of (AA6061 aluminum alloy with carbon steel) incorporating parameters such as tool rotational speed, plunge rate, dwell time and tool diameter ratio. Experiments were conducted according to a four factor, five level central composite rotatable design of experiments concept. Strength of the joint was evaluated by a single lap shear test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to check the adequacy of the developed relationship. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict tensile shear strength of the joints at 95% confidence level.Keywords
Friction Stir Spot Welding, Response Surface Methodology, Aluminum Alloy, Mild Steel, Tensile Shear Fracture Load.- Development of Empirical Relationships to Predict Strength of Powder Metallurgically Produced Pure Aluminium and Pure Copper Diffusion Bonded Bimetallic Joints
Abstract Views :500 |
PDF Views:9
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry 607 402, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry 607 402, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 48, No 3 (2015), Pagination: 33-45Abstract
In the present study, pure aluminium (Al) and pure copper (Cu) plates prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) method were bonded by diffusion bonding technique. From the literature, it was identified that the predominant diffusion bonding process parameters such as bonding temperature, holding time and bonding pressure influence the shear and bonding strength of diffusion bonded joints. In this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict the shear strength and bonding strength of diffusion bonded bimetallic joints of pure Cu/AI incorporating the above parameters using statistical tools such as design of experiments, analysis of variance and regression analysis. The developed empirical relationships can be used to predict the strength of Cu/AI bimetallic joints at 95% confidence level.Keywords
Pure Copper, Pure Aluminium, Powder Metallurgy, Diffusion Bonding, Design of Experiments, Analysis of variance and Regression Analysis.- Hot Tensile Properties of Filler Added Constant Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304HCu Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Joints
Abstract Views :438 |
PDF Views:8
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu - 608002, IN
2 Naval Material Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai - 421506, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu - 608002, IN
2 Naval Material Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai - 421506, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 48, No 4 (2015), Pagination: 61-67Abstract
AISI 304HCu austenitic stainless steel containing 2.3 to 3 (% wt) of Cu is mainly used in superheaters and reheater of ultra super critical (USC) boilers which operates over 600°C of steam temperature. Austenitic stainless steels welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) alters the phase composition, and microstructure of the steel in the fusion zone of welds and may affect the mechanical properties. In our previous investigation, it is found that autogenous welding of AISI 304HCu tubes resulted in segregation of alloying elements in the weld metal and resulted in joints with inferior tensile strength. Hence, in this study the high temperature tensile properties of filler added GTA welded AISI 304HCu tube joints were evaluated and correlated with the microstructural features. The tensile strength of the filler added GTA weld joints was higher than the parent metal at all test temperatures and the weld joint with filler addition was recommended for application in USC boilers.Keywords
AISI 304HCu, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, High Temperature Tensile Properties, Ultra Super Critical Boilers.- Comparison between Riveted Joints and Friction STIR Welded Joints of AA2014 Aluminum Alloy
Abstract Views :217 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Center for Materials Joining and Research, Dept of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Aeronautical Development Agency, Bangalore, IN
1 Center for Materials Joining and Research, Dept of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Aeronautical Development Agency, Bangalore, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 12 (2015), Pagination: 3-8Abstract
AA2014 aluminum alloy has been widely used in aircraft and automotive industries as structural members. Conventionally, these structures were fabricated using rivets, as it is difficult to join this alloy by fusion welding processes. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be successfully applied to replace the riveted construction of aluminum alloy (AA2014) in aircraft structures. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate and compare the load carrying capabilities of FSW joints and riveted joints of AA2014 aluminum alloy. FSW joints were fabricated using optimized process parameters, and riveted joints were fabricated using standard shop floor practice in butt and lap configurations. FSW joints exhibited 75% higher tensile and shear fracture load compared to the riveted joints.Keywords
Aluminum Alloys, Friction Stir Welding, Riveting, Butt and Lap Joint.- Hot Tensile Properties of Autogenous Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Super 304HCu Austenitic Stainless Steel Joints
Abstract Views :235 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Center for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Naval Material Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai, IN
1 Dept. of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Center for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Naval Material Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Mumbai, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 11-17Abstract
The super 304HCu austenitic stainless steel tubes containing 2.3 to 3 (% wt) of Cu is mainly used in superheaters and reheater of ultra super critical boilers. The addition of Cu to super 304HCu has caused improvement in its corrosion and creep resistance. Austenitic stainless steels welded by constant current gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) produce coarse columnar grains, increase alloy segregation and may result in low mechanical properties of the weld joint. Hence, autogenous pulsed current GTAW (PC-GTAW) was used to weld super 304HCu tubes of 57.1 mm outer diameter and 3.5 mm thick to control the solidification structure by altering the prevailing thermal gradients in the weld pool. The microstructure, hot tensile properties (550 °C, 600 °C and 650 °C), and fracture surface of the autogenous PC-GTAW welded joint was evaluated. Current pulsing in PC-GTAW joint cannot eliminate segregation in weld metal and exhibited lower tensile strength than the parent metal at all test temperature.Keywords
Super 304HCu Stainless Steel, Autogenous Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Hot Tensile Properties, Microstructure.- Friction STIR Welding of Copper Alloys by Pta Hardfaced Tungsten Carbide Tools
Abstract Views :206 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 11 (2015), Pagination: 3-11Abstract
In the present work an attempt was made to develop high temperature wear resistant hardfacing tools for friction stir welding (FSW) of commercial grade copper alloy. Hardfacing was applied on mild steel rod using Tungsten carbide forming powder by plasma transferred arc hardfacing (PTA) process. Commercially available tool materials like high carbon steel (HCS), high speed steel (HSS) and super high speed steel (SHSS) were also used to friction stir weld copper alloy for comparison purpose. From this investigation, it is found that the PTA hardfaced tool yielded defect free joints without tool wear compared to other joints. The optimum level of heat generation, formation of finer grains and higher hardness of stir zone are main reasons for the superior tensile properties of the joints fabricated by PTA hardfaced tungsten carbide tools.Keywords
Friction Stir Welding, Copper Alloy, Plasma Transferred Arc Hard Facing, Tensile Properties, Microstructure.- Developing Empirical Relationship to Predict the Strength of Friction Stir Spot Welded Dissimilar Joints of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys
Abstract Views :183 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 11 (2015), Pagination: 12-20Abstract
Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a variant of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process, in which a non-consumable rotating tool is plunged into a material under high forging force to create a bond. It is employed to join dissimilar materials like aluminum and magnesium as it is a solid state welding processes, and helps to avoid defects found in fusion welding processes. In this investigation, an attempt is made to join Aluminum Alloy (AA6061) with Magnesium Alloy (AZ31B) by FSSW process. An empirical relationship was developed to predict the Tensile Shear Fracture Load (TSFL) incorporating the four most important FSSW parameters, i.e., tool rotational speed, plunge rate, dwell time and tool diameter ratio, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The maximum TSFL obtained was 3.61 kN, with the tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm, plunge rate of 16 mm/ min, dwell time of 5 sec and tool diameter ratio of 2.5.Keywords
Frictions Stir Spot Welding, Magnesium Alloy, Aluminum Alloy, Dissimilar Joint, Response Surface Methodology, Tensile Shear Fracture Load.- Effect of Tool Pin Profiles on Joint Characteristics of Under Water Friction STIR Welded AA2519-T87 Aluminium Alloy
Abstract Views :203 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engg, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 11 (2015), Pagination: 21-28Abstract
AA2519-T87 is an age hardenable aluminium alloy used in the fabrication of light combat vehicles in the military application. Fusion welding of this aluminium alloy results in solidification related problems like porosity, hot cracking, etc. In order to overcome such problems, friction stir welding (FSW) process is used to join this material. The thermal cycle experienced by the thermo mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) is causing grain coarsening and precipitates dissolution and resulting in poor joint properties. To get rid of this problem, under water friction stir welding (UWFSW) process can be adopted. However, the material flow during friction stirring will be entirely different in FSW and UWFSW. Hence an investigation is undertaken to study the effect of tool pin profiles on stir zone characteristics and the resultant tensile properties of the joints fabricated by UWFSW. Four different pin profiles, namely, straight cylindrical (STC), taper cylindrical (TAC), straight threaded cylindrical (STC), and taper threaded cylindrical (TTC) were used to fabricate the joints. From this investigation, it is found that the joint made by taper threaded pin profiled tool exhibited higher tensile properties and this may be attributed to the grain boundary strengthening and narrowing of lower hardness distribution region (LHDR).Keywords
Underwater Friction Stir Welding, Pin Profiles, Microstructure, Tensile Properties, Microhardness.- Development of Empirical Relationships to Predict Strength of P/M Sintered Pure Copper and Pure Nickel Diffusion Bonded Bimetallic Joints
Abstract Views :190 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 11-19Abstract
In the present study, pure copper (Cu) and pure nickel (Ni) plates prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) method were bonded by diffusion bonding technique. From the literature, it was identified that the predominant diffusion bonding process parameters such as bonding temperature, holding time and bonding pressure influence the shear and bonding strength of diffusion bonded joints. In this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict the shear strength and bonding strength of diffusion bonded bimetallic joints of pure Cu/Ni incorporating the above parameters using statistical tools such as design of experiments, analysis of variance and regression analysis. The developed empirical relationships can be used to predict the strength of Cu/Ni bimetallic joints at 95% confidence level.Keywords
Powder Metallurgy, Diffusion Bonding, Design of Experiments, Analysis of Variance and Regression Analysis.- Statistical Analysis and Optimization of Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Parameters to Attain Maximum Corrosion Resistance in Alumina Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Abstract Views :187 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 14, No 6 (2015), Pagination: 10-26Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to establish an empirical relationship is developed to predict corrosion rate of the atmospheric plasma sprayed alumina coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy by incorporating process parameters such as power, stand-off distance and powder feedrate. Statistical tools such as design of experiments, analysis of variance, and regression analysis are used to develop the relationships. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of plasma sprayed alumina coated AZ31B magnesium alloy at the 95% confidence level. Sensitivity analysis was carried out and compared with the relative impact of three process parameters on corrosion rate to verify the measurement errors on the values of the uncertainty in estimated parameters. The results indicate that the input power has the greatest influence on corrosion rate, followed by stand-off distance and powder feedrate.Keywords
Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, Corrosion Rate, Response Surface Methodology Alumina Coating.- Comparative Study of the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy under Immersion and Salt Fog Environments
Abstract Views :222 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Dept of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 13, No 8 (2014), Pagination: 12-29Abstract
The comparative evaluation of corrosion behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated by conducting immersion and salt spray tests in NaCl solution. The specimens were exposed to immersion and salt spray environments in order to characterize their corrosion rates. In addition, an attempt was made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the corrosion rate of the AZ31B magnesium alloy in immersion tests and salt spray corrosion tests using response surface methodology. The corrosion morphology observation was carried out by scanning electron microscopy. General corrosion was more prevalent on the immersion surface. However, the pits on the salt spray surface showed larger surface areas, larger volumes, and covered more area on the micrographs as compared to the pits on the immersion surfaces, due to the pit debris that trapped chloride ions within the pits. Finally, it concludes that the AZ31B magnesium alloys are suitable for immersion conditions than salt spray environments.Keywords
Magnesium Alloys, Immersion Tests, Salt Spray Tests, Corrosion Rate, Response Surface Methodology.- Developing Empirical Relationship to Predict Hardness of the Laser Hardfaced Ni-Based Alloy Surfaces
Abstract Views :238 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Material Technology Division, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakam, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Material Technology Division, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakam, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 1 (2017), Pagination: 9-17Abstract
Nuclear reactor components generally undergo wear damage due to severe operating conditions. The operating temperature of nuclear components generally falls in the range of 573-873 K. Among the reactor components, feed water regulator valves, used to throttle coolant flow, experiences higher wear rate. To enhance the wear resistance, nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) based alloys are hardfaced into austenitic stainless steels (ASS) through laser hardfacing technique. Laser hardfacing technique is an established surfacing process to deposit Ni base alloys with minimum dilution. Though lot of research works have been carried out so for to characterize laser hardfaced Ni base alloy surfaces, there is no direct correlation between laser parameters and hardness of the hardfaced surfaces. Hence in this investigation, an attempt has been made to develop empirical relationship to predict hardness of laser hardfaced Ni base alloy surface incorporating laser parameters using statistical tools such as design of experiments (DoE), analysis of variance (ANOVA). The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to trail the hardness of laser hardfaced nickel alloy surfaces by altering laser parameters.Keywords
Austenitic Stainless Steel, Laser Hardfacing, Design of Experiment, Hardness.References
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- Przybylowicz, J; Kusinski, J: Laser Cladding and Erosive Wear of Co – Mo – Cr – Si Coatings, 'Surface & Coatings Technology', vol. 125, no. 1-3, 2000, 13–18.
- Lin, WC; Chen, C: Characteristics of Thin Surface Layers of Cobalt-Based Alloys Deposited by Laser Cladding, 'Surface and Coatings Technology', vol. 200, no. 14-15, 2006, 4557–4563.
- Price, M; Wolfl, TA: The Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Series of Plasma and Detonation Coatings of Cobalt and Nickel Alloys with Molybdenum, Two of the Coatings Were St’, vol. 45, 1977, 309–19.
- Bolelli, G; Lusvarghi, L: Heat Treatment Effects on the Tribological Performance of HVOF Sprayed Co-Mo-Cr-Si Coatings, 'Journal of Thermal Spray Technology', vol. 15, no. 4, 2006, 802–810.
- Zhang, H; Shi, Y; Kutsuna, M; Xu, GJ: Laser cladding of Colmonoy 6 powder on AISI316L austenitic stainless steel, 'Nuclear Engineering and Design', vol. 240, no. 10, 2010, 2691-2696.
- Siva, K; Murugan, N; Logesh, R: Optimization of weld bead geometry in plasma transferred arc hardfaced austenitic stainless steel plates using genetic algorithm, 'Int J Adv Manuf Technology', vol. 41, no. 1, 2009, 24-30.
- Kesavan, D; Kamaraj, M: The microstructure and high temperature wear performance of a nickel base hardfaced coating, ‘Surface & Coatings Technology’, vol. 204, no. 24, 2010, 4034-4043
- Predicting Porosity and Microhardness of the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) Sprayed Iron Based Amorphous Metallic Coatings
Abstract Views :323 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Protective Technologies Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Thane (Dist), Maharashtra, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Protective Technologies Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Thane (Dist), Maharashtra, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 1 (2017), Pagination: 18-28Abstract
Fluid handling equipment such as propellers, impellers, pumps posses the inherent risk of flow-dependent erosion-corrosion problems. Though there are many coating materials available to combat erosion-corrosion damage in the above components, iron based amorphous coatings exhibits high erosion-corrosion resistance. High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process is extensively used to deposit erosion-corrosion resistance amorphous coatings. In this investigation, iron based amorphous metallic coating was deposited on 316 stainless steel using HVOF spray process by varying the parameters such as oxygen flow rate, fuel flow rate, powder feed rate, carrier gas flow rate, and spray distance. Empirical relationships were established to predict the porosity and micro hardness of iron based amorphous coating. Microstructure observations of the coating were done by optical microscope. From the results, it is found that, fuel flow rate and spray distance appeared to be the most significant parameters affecting the mechanical properties of the iron based amorphous coating.Keywords
High Velocity Oxy Fuel Spray, Iron Based Amorphous Metallic Coating, Micro-Hardness, Porosity.References
- Wood, RJK; Speyer, AJ: Erosion–corrosion of candidate HVOF aluminium-based marine coatings, ‘Wear’ vol. 256, no. 5, 2003, 545-56.
- Wang, Y; Xing, ZZ; Luo, Q; Rahman, A; Jiao, J; Qu, SJ; Zheng, YG; Shen, J: Corrosion and erosion–corrosion behaviour of activated combustion high-velocity air fuel sprayed Fe-based amorphous coatings in chloride-containing solutions, ‘Corrosion Science’ vol. 98, no. 10, 2015, 339–353.
- Zhou, H; Zhang, C; Wang, W; Yasir, M; Liu, L: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-based Amorphous Composite Coatings Reinforced by Stainless Steel Powders, ‘J. Mater. Sci. Technol’, vol. 31, no. 1, 2015, 43-47.
- Sasaki, K; Burstein, GT: Erosion Corrosion of stainless steel under impingement by a fluid jet, ‘Corrosion Science’ vol. 49, no. 1, 2007, 92-102.
- Wang, YG; Zheng, YG; Ke, W; Sun, WH; Hou, WL; Chag, XC; Wang, JQ: Slurry erosion– corrosion behaviour of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings for marine pump in sand-containing NaCl solutions, ‘Corrosion Science’, vol. 53, no. 10, 2011, 3177-3185.
- Burstein, GT; Sasaki, K: Effect of impact angle on the slurry erosion corrosion of 304L stainless steel, ‘Wear’, vol. 240, no. 1-2, 2000, 80-94.
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- Thiruvikraman, C; Balasubramanian, V; Sridhar, K: Optimizing HVOF Spray Parameters to Maximize Bonding Strength of WC-CrC-Ni Coatings on AISI 304L Stainless Steel, ‘ASM International’, vol. 23, no. 5, 2014, 860-875.
- Doring, E; Vaben, R; Stover, D; Julich, D: The Influence of Spray Parameters on Particle Properties, ‘ITSC-International Thermal Spray Conf’ (DVS-ASM), Paper 3, 2002, 440-448
- Miller, RG; Freund, JE; Johnson, DE; Probability and Statistics for Engineers, Prentice of Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.
- Thirumalaikumarasamy, D; Shanmugam, K; Balasubramanian, V: Establishing empirical relationships to predict porosity level and corrosion rate of atmospheric plasma-sprayed alumina coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy, ‘Journal of Magnesium and Alloys’, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014, 140-153.
- Montgomery, DC: Design and analysis of experiments. 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1984.
- Cochran, WG; Cox, GM: Experimental designs. 2nd ed., Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt Ltd., 1992.
- Thirumalaikumarasamy, D; Shanmugam, K; Balasubramanian, V: Developing Empirical Relationships to Predict Porosity and Microhardness of Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed Alumina Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, ’J. Manuf. Sci. Prod’, vol. 15, no. 2, 2015, 169–181
- Optimizing the Pulsed Current GTAW Process Parameters to Attain Maximum Tensile Strength Using RSM
Abstract Views :446 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 47, No 4 (2014), Pagination: 43-56Abstract
In this investigation, an attempt has been made to predict the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded (PCGTAW) AZ31B magnesium alloy joints using RSM incorporating process parameters such as peak to base current ratio, welding speed, pulse frequency and pulse on time as variables. The experiments were conducted based on a four-factor, five-level, central composite design matrix. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict the tensile strength of PCGTAW joints of AZ31B magnesium alloy at 95% confidence level. The results indicated that welding speed and pulse frequency has the greatest influence on tensile strength, followed by current ratio, pulse on time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize PCGTAW parameters to attain a maximum tensile strength of 214 MPa (78 % of base metal strength) in the AZ31B Magnesium alloy joints.Keywords
AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization, Tensile Strength.- Developing Diffusion Bonding Windows for Joining Powder Metallurgically Produced Pure Aluminium and Pure Copper
Abstract Views :490 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry 607 402, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry 607 402, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 47, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 43-56Abstract
In this investigation, pure aluminium (Al) and pure copper plates manufactured by powder metallurgy (P/M) technique were bonded by diffusion bonding. Joining of these materials by fusion welding is difficult because of the formation oxide films and brittle intermetallic compounds in the bond region which affect the quality of bonds. However, diffusion bonding is a suitable process to join these materials without much difficulties. In this investigation, an attempt was made to develop the diffusion bonding windows to join pure Al with pure Cu plates produced by P/M technique using different combinations of process parameters such as bonding temperature, bonding pressure and holding time The quality of bonds was checked by the microstructure analysis. Diffusion bonding windows (DBW) presented in this paper will act as reference maps for selecting appropriate process parameters to join pure Al with pure Cu plates fabricated by P/M technique.Keywords
Pure Aluminium, Pure Copper, Powder Metallurgy, Diffusion Bonding Window.- Comparative Study of Joining Processes of High Conductivity Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper used in Automotive Industries
Abstract Views :289 |
PDF Views:157
Authors
Affiliations
1 Mech. Engg. Dept., Sri Ramakrishna Engg. College, Coimbatore, IN
1 Mech. Engg. Dept., Sri Ramakrishna Engg. College, Coimbatore, IN
Source
International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems, Vol 9, No 1 (2017), Pagination:Abstract
In this paper the effects of conventional Gas Tungsten Art Welding (GTAW) process with constant current and pulsed current and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process on Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) copper which is used as bus bars and rotors in automotive industries are investigated. Autogenous welding was carried out on 4mm thick 99.9% pure ETP copper using GTAW process with constant and pulsed current. Another set of plates of size 300mm75mm4mm were welded using FSW process. The tensile strength, micro hardness and micro structure of the joints were studied. The studies indicated that FSW joints were having better strength and hardness than GTAW joints with constant current and pulsed current due to the formation of fire equalled grains.Keywords
Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Friction STIR Welding, Heat Affected Zone.Full Text
References
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- Y.F. Sun and H. Fujii. 2011. The effect of SiC particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded pure copper joints, Materials Science and Enginerring A, 528(16-17), 5470-5475. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.077.
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- Determination of Minimum Corrosion Conditions for the Stir Zone of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Abstract Views :240 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 4 (2017), Pagination: 12-21Abstract
Joining of magnesium alloys is increased because of its superior properties like light weight and high specific strength. Compared to fusion welding process, friction stir welding (FSW) is widely adaptable to join magnesium and its alloy. In the FSW joint, grains are very fine in stir zone (SZ) compared to the other zones. This leads to severe corrosion attack at the stir zone. The chloride ion concentration, pH value and immersion time are reported to be the more influencing parameters on corrosion attack. The present work aims to identify the minimum corrosion conditions in the SZ of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloys by statistical tools such as design of experiments (DoE), analysis of variance and response surface methodology (RSM). From the results, it is found that the chloride ion concentration has a greater influence on corrosion rate than the other two parameters.Keywords
Friction Stir Welding, AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, Response Surface Methodology, Corrosion Rate.References
- Mordike, BL; Kainer, KU; Volkswagenwerk: Magnesium alloys and their applications, Frankfurt: Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft, 1998.
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- Campanelli, LC; Suhuddin, UFH; Dos Santos, JF; De Alcantara, NG: Parameters optimization for friction spot welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy by Taguchi method, ‘Soldagem & Inspecao’, vol. 17, no. 1, 2012, 26–31.
- Nakata, K: Friction stir welding of magnesium alloys, ‘Welding International’, vol. 23, no. 5, 2009, 328–332.
- Song, GL: Corrosion of magnesium alloys, ‘Woodhead Publishing Limited’ UK, 2011.
- Cao, FH; Len, VH; Zhang, Z; Zhang, JQ: “Corrosion behavior of magnesium and its alloy in NaCl solution, ‘Russian Journal of Electrochemistry’, vol. 43, no. 7, 2007, 837–843.
- Padmanaban, G; Balasubramanian, V: Selection of FSW tool pin profile, shoulder diameter and material for joining AZ31B magnesium alloy – An experimental approach, ‘Materials & Design’, vol. 30, no. 7, 2009, 2647–2656.
- Thirumalaikumarasamy, D; Shanmugam, K; Balasubramanian, V: Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict Corrosion Rate of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy under Sodium Chloride Environment, ‘Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals’, vol. 67, no. 1, 2014, 19–32.
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- Myers, RH; Montgomery, DC; Anderson-Cook, CM: Response surface methodology, ‘process and product optimization using designed experiments’, 2016.
- Makar, GL: Corrosion Studies of Rapidly Solidified Magnesium Alloys, ‘Journal of The Electrochemical Society’, vol. 137, no. 2, 1990, 414-421
- Developing Empirical Relationship to Predict the Diameter of Multiwall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Process
Abstract Views :271 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 VB Ceramic Research Centre (VBCRC), Chennai, IN
4 NMRL, Mumbai, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 VB Ceramic Research Centre (VBCRC), Chennai, IN
4 NMRL, Mumbai, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 6 (2017), Pagination: 3-11Abstract
The thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route was used to synthesize multi walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) and metal NiO powders was used as catalyst and it supported on crystalline alumina nano particles. Acetylene was used as the carbon source gas and Argon was used as the carrier gas. An empirical relationship was developed to predict the diameter of MWNTs incorporating important CVD process parameters. Three factors, five levels central composite design was used to minimize number of experimental conditions. The CVD parameters such as reaction temperature, gas flow rate and process time were chosen as the important parameters. The diameter of MWNTs was measured using field emission scanning electron microcopy (FESEM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to identify significant main and interaction factors. Final empirical relationship was developed using these significant factors. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict the diameter of MWNTs synthesized through CVD process at 95% confidence level.Keywords
Carbo Nano Tube, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Design of Experiments, Analysis of Variance.References
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- Ghazaleh, Allaedini; Siti, Masrinda, Tasirin; Payam, Aminayi: Yield Optimization of Nanocarbons Prepared Via chemical Vapor Decomposition of Carbon dioxide Using Response surface methodology, ‘Diamond & Related Materials’, vol. 66, 2016, 196-205.
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- Zhangyi, Cao; Zhuo, Sun; Pingsheng, Guo; Yiwei, Chen: Effect of Acetylene Flow Rate on Morphology and Structure of Carbon Nanotube Thick Films Grown By Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition, 'Frontiers of Materials Science in China’, vol. 1, no. 1, 2007, 92-96.
- He, CN; Zhao, NQ; Shi, CS; Song, SZ: Optimization of the Chemical Vapor Deposition Process for Fabrication Of Carbon nanotube /Al Composite Powders, ‘Materials Research Bulletin’, vol. 45, no. 9, 2010, 1182-1188.
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- Notch Tensile Properties of Various Regions of Dissimilar Joints of Austenitic and Ferritic Steels
Abstract Views :241 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
2 Materials Mechanics Section, Materials Technology Division,Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
2 Materials Mechanics Section, Materials Technology Division,Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 6 (2017), Pagination: 12-22Abstract
In sodium cooled fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam, the steam generators are constructed using modified 9Cr-1Mo (also called as Grade 91 or P91) ferritic steel because of its high temperature strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. The interconnecting sodium piping between reactor and steam generator is made up of AISI 316LN because of its high creep strength and corrosion resistance. Nickel based fillers (Inconel 82/182) are commonly used to weld the 316LN piping with steam generator. For a better structural integrity assessment of this dissimilar joint, the tensile properties of each region need to be evaluated. Evaluating the tensile properties of various regions by smooth tensile specimens is quite complex and time consuming. In the present investigation, the notch tensile properties of various regions were evaluated by placing a notch at the desired locations of the dissimilar metal weld joint (DMWJ). The dissimilar joint between P91 and 316LN is fabricated by manual metal arc welding (MMAW) process using Inconel 182 electrodes. Notch tensile properties of each region were evaluated by placing a notch at different locations (viz. weld metal, buttering, HAZ of P91 and HAZ of 316LN). Microhardness variation across the DMWJ was recorded. Microstructural features of various regions were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscope. From this investigation, it is found that the notch placed in the HAZ of P91 exhibited highest notch tensile strength than other regions. A non-uniform hardness distribution is observed across the DMWJ and the maximum hardness is recorded at the interface between P91 HAZ to Inconel 182 buttering. The hardness is minimum at the outer edge of HAZ of P91 side. Evolution of carbon enriched hard zone at the interface between P91 and Inconel 182 buttering could be the reason for highest notch tensile strength.Keywords
Dissimilar Metal Weld Joint, Notch Tensile Test, Microhardness, Microstructure.References
- Kumar, P; Pai, A: An overview of welding aspects and challenges during manufacture of Intermediate Heat Exchangers for 500MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, 'Procedia Eng.', vol. 86, 2014, 173-183.
- Sarikka, Teemu; Ahonen, Matias; Mouginot, Nevasmaa, Roman; arjalainen-Roikonen, Päivi K; Ehrnstén, Ulla; Hänninen, Hannu:Microstructural, mechanical, and fracture mechanical characterization of SA 508-Alloy 182 dissimilar metal weld in view of mismatch state, 'International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping', vol. 145, 2016, 13-22.
- Jang, C; Lee, J; Sung Kim, J; Eun Jin, T: Mechanical Property Variation Within Inconel 82/182 Dissimilar Metal Weld Between Low Alloy Steel and 316 Stainless Steel, 'Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping', vol. 85, no. 9, 2008, 635-646.
- Kim, JW; Lee, K; Kim, JS; Byun, TS: Local Mechanical Properties of Alloy 82/182 Dissimilar Weld Joint Between SA508 Gr.1a and F316 SS at RT and 320°C, 'J. Nucl. Mater.', vol. 384, no. 3, 2009, 212–221.
- Pandey, S; Prasad, R; Singh, PK; Rathod, DW: Investigation on Dissimilar Metal Welds of SA312 Type 304LN Pipe (Extruded) and SA508Gr.3Cl.1 Pipe (Forged), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India, Report No. 2008/36/107-BRNS/4038A, 2014.
- Zhang, ZL; Hauge, M; Thaulowa, C; Ødegård, J: A notched cross weld tensile testing method for determining true stress–strain curves for weldments, 'Engineering Fracture Mechanics', vol. 69, no. 3, 2000, 353-366.
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- Wang, HT; Wang, GZ; Xuan, FZ; Liu, CJ; Tu, ST: Local mechanical properties of a dissimilar metal welded joint in nuclear powersystems”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 568, 2013, 108-117.
- Rathod, Dinesh W; Sunil Pandey, Singh, PK; Rajesh Prasad: Mechanical Properties Variations and Comparative Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Pipe Welds in Pressure Vessel System of Nuclear Plants, 'ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.', vol. 138, no. 1, 2015, 1-9.
- Response Surface Methodology Approach for Predicting Grain Size and Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA 1100 Aluminium Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :203 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 10, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 20-25Abstract
This paper reports empirical relationship to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded (FSW) AA 1100 aluminium alloy joints. Six factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix is used to predict the experimental conditions. The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology (RSM) incorporating tool and process parameters.Keywords
Welding, ANOVA, Aluminium, Microstructure.- Understanding the Role of FSW Process Parameters on Strength Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints
Abstract Views :186 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 10, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 10-18Abstract
The effect of rotational speed, welding speed and tool shoulder diameter on the tensile and impact properties of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints made by friction stir welding are investigated. The experiments were conducted based on three-factor five-level central composite rotatable design and empirical relationships were established between the process parameters (rotational speed, welding speed and tool shoulder diameter) and quality characteristics (tensile strength and impact toughness) of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel joints. Furthermore, the numerical multiobjective optimisation was used to optimise the friction stir welding process parameters.Keywords
Ferritic Stainless Steel, Tensile Strength, Impact Toughness, Optimisation.- Effect of Bonding Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 304 to Ti-6Al-4V Diffusion Bonded Joints
Abstract Views :221 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 16, No 7 (2017), Pagination: 3-10Abstract
Solid state diffusion bonding (DB) of Ti-6Al-4V and AISI 304 were studied in the temperature range of 600-1000°C with a constant pressure of 12 MPa and holding time of 60 minutes. Micro hardness measurements and the lap shear test were carried out to determine the hardness and strength of the joints respectively. Maximum lap shear strength of 138 MPa was attained in the joint that was diffusion bonded using a temperature of 900°C, holding time of 60 min and a bonding pressure of 12 MPa. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the grain growth and the fine details of the interface structure.Keywords
Titanium, Diffusion Bonding, Dissimilar Joints, Micro Hardness.References
- Peng He, Jiuhai Zhang, Ronglin Zhou, Xiao Qiang Li: Diffusion bonding technology of a titanium alloy to a stainless steel web with a Ni interlayer, ‘Material Characterisation’, vol.43, 1999, 287–292.
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- Balasubramanian, M; Jayabalan, V; Balasubramanian, V: Effect of current pulsing on tensile properties of titanium alloy, ‘Materials & Design’, vol.29, 2008, 1459–1466.
- Liu, L; Du, X; Zhu, M; Chen, G: Research on the microstructure and properties of weld repair in TA15 titanium alloy, ‘Material Science and Engineering A’, vol.445–446, 2007, 691–696.
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- Balasubramanian, M; Jayabalan, V; Balasubramanian, V: Developing mathematical models to predict tensile properties of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy, ‘Materials & Design’, vol.29, no. 1, 2008, 92–97.
- Vigraman, T; Ravindran, D; Narayanasamy, R: Effect of phase transformation & intermetallic compounds on the microstructure and tensile strength properties of diffusion-bonded joints between Ti–6Al–4V and AISI 304, ‘Materials & Design’, vol. 36, 2012, 714–727.
- Kundu, S; Ghosh, S; Laik, A: Diffusion bonding of commercially pure titanium to 304 stainless steel using copper interlayer, ‘Material Science and Engineering A’, vol. 407, 2005, 154–160.
- Kundu, S; Chartterjee, S: Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded titanium–stainless steel joints using a nickel interlayer, ‘Material Science and Engineering A’, vol. 425, 2006, 107–113.
- Lee, HS; Yoon, JH; Park, CH; Ko, YG; Shin, Lee, CS: A study on diffusion bonding of superpalstic Ti–6Al–4V ELI grade, ‘Material Processing Technology’, vol.187–188, 2007, 526–529.
- Ozdemir, N; Bilgin, B: Interfacial properties of diffusion bonded Ti–6Al–4V to AISI 304 stainless steel by inserting a Cu interlayer, ‘Advanced Manufacturing Technology’, vol.41, no. 5–6, 2009, 519–526.
- WANG Juan, LI Yajiang, XIA Chunzhi, Stress analysis of Fe3Al/Q235 diffusion bonded joint using finite element analysis, ‘Frontiers Material Science’, vol.1, 2007, 215–219.
- Evren Atasoy, Nizamettin Kahraman, Diffusion bonding of commercially pure Titanium to low carbon steel was using a silver interlayer, ‘Material Characterisation’, vol.59, 2008, 1481–1490.
- Mahendran, G; Balasubramanian, V; Senthilvelan, T: Influences of diffusion bonding process on bond characteristics of Mg–Cu dissimilar joints, ‘Transaction of Nonferrous Metal Society of China’, vol.20, 2010, 997–1005.
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- Dheenadayalan, K; Rajakumar, S; Balasubramanian, V: Effect of Diffusion Bonding Temperature on Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of cp Titanium and High Strength Aluminium Dissimilar Joints, ‘Applied Mechanics and Materials’, vol.787, 2015, 495-499.
- Rajakumar, S; Balasubramanian, V: Diffusion bonding of titanium and AA 7075 aluminum alloy dissimilar joints process modeling and optimization using desirability approach, ‘Advanced Manufacturing Technology’, 2015, 1-18
- Process Parameter Selection for Friction Stir Welding of Cast A413 Aluminium Alloy Using Taguchi Experimental Design
Abstract Views :211 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechatronics Engg., Kongu Engg. College, Perundurai, Erode, IN
2 Dept. of Mechanical Engg., Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
1 Dept. of Mechatronics Engg., Kongu Engg. College, Perundurai, Erode, IN
2 Dept. of Mechanical Engg., Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 7, No 12 (2008), Pagination: 3-10Abstract
This paper discusses the use of Taguchi technique for maximizing the tensile strength of friction stir welded cast aluminium alloy A413. The experiments have been conducted using Taguchi's experimental design technique. The friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters namely tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force play a major role in deciding the weld quality. The effect of process parameters on tensile strength is evaluated and the optimum welding condition for maximizing the tensile strength is determined. The analysis of variance and the signal to noise ratio of robust design are employed to investigate the influence of process parameters on the tensile strength of friction stir welded A413 aluminium alloy. To correlate the process parameters and the measured tensile strength, a mathematical model has been developed by multiple linear regression analysis. The developed mathematical model is found to be very useful for predicting the tensile strength of friction stir welded A413 aluminium alloy.- Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Joints of Aisi 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel and Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel
Abstract Views :574 |
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Authors
K. Karthick
1,
S. Malarvizhi
2,
V. Balasubramanian
3,
S. A. Krishnan
4,
G. Sasikala
4,
Shaju K. Albert
4
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam - 603 102, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining and Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam - 603 102, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 50, No 4 (2017), Pagination: 36-49Abstract
In liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactors, the dissimilar joint between grade 91 ferritic steel and 316LN stainless steel is frequently encountered. For better integrity assessment, mechanical properties of each region need be evaluated. In the present investigation, dissimilar joints between grade 91 to 316LN SS were fabricated by shielded metal arc welding process using nickel based electrodes. Mechanical properties (Tensile and impact toughness) of different regions were evaluated by placing the notch at each location. Microhardness variation across the dissimilar joint was recorded. Microstructural analyses of various regions were done by optical and scanning electron microscopy. From this investigation, it is understood that the in-homogeneous mechanical properties were observed across the dissimilar joint. The development of complex microstructure at the fusion interfaces will alter the mechanical properties across the dissimilar joint.Keywords
Welding, Dissimilar Joint, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, Microhardness.References
- Karthick K, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V, Krishnan SA, Sasikala G and Albert SK (2017); Tensile properties of shielded metal arc welded dissimilar joints of nuclear grade ferritic steel and austenitic stainless steel, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 25(5-6), pp.171178.
- Teemu S, Matias A, Roman M, Pekka N, Päivi KR, Ulla E and Hannu H (2016); Microstructural, mechanical, and fracture mechanical characterization of SA 508-Alloy 182 dissimilar metal weld in view of mismatch state, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 145, pp.13-22.
- Jang C, Lee J, Sung KJ and Eun JT (2008); Mechanical property variation within inconel 82/182 dissimilar metal weld between low alloy steel and 316 stainless steel, International Journal of Pressure Vessels Piping, 85(9), pp.635-646.
- Kim JW, Lee K, Kim JS and Byun TS (2009); Local mechanical properties of alloy 82/182 dissimilar weld joint between SA508 Gr.1a and F316 SS at RT and 320°C, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 384(3), pp. 212-221.
- Pandey S, Prasad R, Singh PK and Rathod DW (2014); Investigation on dissimilar metal welds of SA312 type 304LN pipe (extruded) and SA508Gr.3Cl.1 pipe (forged), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India, Report No. 2008/36/107-BRNS/4038A.
- Zhang ZL, Hauge M, Thaulowa C and Ødegård J (2009); A notched cross weld tensile testing method for determining true stress-strain curves for weldments, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 69(3), pp.353-366.
- Wendell B, Jones CR, Hills D and Polonis H (1991); Microstructural evolution of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, Metallurgical Transactions A, 22, pp.1049-1058.
- Wang HT, Wang GZ, Xuan FZ, Liu CJ, Tu ST (2014) Local mechanical properties of a dissimilar metal welded joint in nuclear power systems, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 568, pp.108-117.
- Rathod DW, Pandey S, Singh PK and Prasad R (2015); Mechanical properties variations and comparative analysis of dissimilar metal pipe welds in pressure vessel system of nuclear plants, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 138(1), pp. 011403-011409.
- IGCAR, Prototype fast breeder reactor specification for the qualification of the welding consumables, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India, Report No. PFBR/32040/SP/1002/R-0.
- Determining the Minimum Corrosion Conditions for the Stir Zone of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Aluminium Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :502 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 51, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 58-65Abstract
Joining of aluminium is commonly done in automobile industries because of its light weight and high specific strength. In recent days, friction stir welding (FSW) is widely preferred to join aluminium than fusion-welding processes. In this joint, grains are very fine in stir zone (SZ) compared to the other zones. Due to this extreme change in the microstructure at the SZ, the mechanical properties (tensile strength, hardness, etc) of the FSW joints are superior but the corrosion resistance of SZ is very poor. The concentration of chloride ion, exposure time and pH value are reported to be the more influencing corrosion test parameters. The present work aims to determine combination of these pitting corrosion test parameters to attain a minimum corrosion rate at the SZ of friction stir welded aluminium alloy, AA6061-T6, by response surface methodology (RSM). From the results obtained, chloride ion concentration is reportedly had higher effect on corrosion rate than the other two parameters considered.Keywords
AA6061 Aluminium Alloy, Stir Zone, Response Surface Methodology, Pitting Corrosion Test.References
- Grard C (2004); Introduction to Aluminium and Its Alloys, Corrosion of Aluminium.
- Dashwood RJ and Grimes R (2010); Structural Materials: Aluminum and Its Alloys - Properties', in Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. Chichester, UK: John Wiley {&} Sons, Ltd, 262.
- Totten GE, MacKenzie DS (eds) (2003); Handbook of Aluminum. New York; Basel: M. Dekker.
- Baboian R (ed.) (1995); Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM ({ASTM} Manual Series).
- Mathers G (2002); The Welding of Aluminium and its Alloys, The Welding of Aluminium and its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Cornu J, Weston J, Greener S, Cornu, J (2013); Fundamentals of fusion welding technology. Berlin: Springer (Advanced Welding Systems).
- Kumar DA, Biswas P, Tikader S, Mahapatra, MM Mandal NR (2013); A study on friction stir welding of 12mm thick aluminum alloy plates, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 12(4), 493-499.
- Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Murch, MG, Temple-Smith P and Dawes, CJ (1995); Friction welding. Google Patents.
- Amini K, Gharavi F (2016); Influence of welding speed on corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AA5086 aluminium alloy, Journal of Central South University, 23(6), 1301-1311.
- Ezuber H, El-Houd A, El-Shawesh F (2008); A study on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in seawater, Materials & Design, 29(4), 801-805.
- Stansbury EE Buchanan RA (2000); Fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion. Materials Park, OH: ASM International.
- Garcia SJ, Muster TH, Ozkanat O, Sherman N, Hughes AE, Terryn H, de Wit JHW, Mol JMC (2010); The influence of pH on corrosion inhibitor selection for 2024-T3 aluminium alloy assessed by high-throughput multi-electrode and potentiodynamic testing, Electrochimica Acta, 55(7), 2457-2465.
- Curioni M (2014); The behaviour of magnesium during free corrosion and potentiodynamic polarization investigated by real-time hydrogen measurement and optical imaging, Electrochimica Acta, 120, 284-292.
- Zhao M-C, Liu M, Song G-L, Atrens A (2008); Influence of pH and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion of Mg alloy ZE41, Corrosion Science, 50(11), 3168-3178.
- Jayaraj RK, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V (2016); Predicting pitting corrosion rate of weld nugget (stir zone) of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of aluminium -magnesium alloys, Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 11(4), 178-183.
- Jayaraj RK, Malarvizhi S and Balasubramanian V (2017); Determination of minimum corrosion conditions for the stir zone of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy, Manufacturing Technology Today, 16(4), 12-21.
- Porciuncula CB, Marcilio NR, Tessaro IC, Gerchmann M (2012); Production of hydrogen in the reaction between aluminum and water in the presence of NaOH and KOH, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29(2), 337-348.
- Simulation of Temperature and Residual Stress Field in Friction Stir Welded AISI 304 Stainless Steel Joints
Abstract Views :205 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept of Mech Engg., Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, AP, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TN, IN
1 Dept of Mech Engg., Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, AP, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining Research (CEMAJOR), Dept of Manufacturing Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TN, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 7-13Abstract
Three-dimensional nonlinear thermal and thermo-mechanical numerical simulations are conducted for the friction stir welding of AISI 304 stainless steel. The finite element analysis code SYSWELD was used to simulate the results using inverse approach. Defect free welds were made experimentally using a rotational speed, welding speed and shoulder diameter of 800 rpm, 90 mm/min and 20 mm respectively. Residual stress measurement was carried out with X-ray stress analyzer employing CrKα radiation. The transient temperature fields were obtained by finite element simulation and the residual stresses in the welded plate are calculated using a three-dimensional elastic–plastic thermo-mechanical simulation. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with that of experimental results.Keywords
Stainless Steel, Friction Stir Welding, Finite Element Analysis, Temperature Distribution, Residual Stress.- Effect of Tool Materials on Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Abstract Views :322 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 42, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 25-32Abstract
In this investigation, an attempt was made to study the effect of tool materials on tensile properties of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy. Tools made of five different materials were used to fabricate the joints. Tensile properties of the joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone microstructure and hardness. From this investigation, it is found that the joint fabricated using the tool made of high carbon steel exhibited superior tensile properties compared to their counterparts. The absence of defects in weld region, presence of very fine equiaxed grains in the weld region and higher hardness in the weld region are the main reasons for superior tensile properties of these joints.
Keywords
Magnesium Alloy, Friction Stir Welding, Tensile Properties, Tool Material.- Predicting Tensile Strength and Interface Hardness of Friction Welded Dissimilar Joints of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Aluminium Alloy by Empirical Relationships
Abstract Views :338 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seshasayee Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University of Chennai, Tiruchirappalli Campus, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seshasayee Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University of Chennai, Tiruchirappalli Campus, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 46, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 67-75Abstract
Friction welding can be used to join different types of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals that cannot be welded by traditional fusion welding processes. The process parameters such as rotational speed, friction pressure, forging pressure, friction time and forging time play the major roles in determining the strength of the joints. In this investigation, an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict the tensile strength and interface hardness of friction welded dissimilar joints of AIS I304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS) and AA6082 aluminium (Al) alloy using statistical tools such as design of experiments, analysis of variance and regression analysis. The developed empirical relationships can be effectively used to predict tensile strength and interface hardness of friction welded dissimilar joints of ASS-AI at 95% confidence level.
Keywords
Friction Welding, Austenitic Stainless Steel, Aluminium Alloy, Design of Experiments, Analysis of Variance, Tensile Strength.- Fatigue Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Rolled Thick Plates of AA7075-T651 Aluminium Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :324 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 46, No 4 (2013), Pagination: 31-43Abstract
The fatigue strength of welded joints represents the core problem for their industrial applications. Friction stir welding (FSW) demonstrated the enhancement of fatigue resistance for aluminium alloys, with respect to traditional fusion techniques. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the fatigue properties of 12 mm thick AA 7075 -T651 aluminium alloy plates joined by friction stir welding (FSW) process. The fatigue properties were evaluated under uniaxial tensile loading condition (stress ratio = 0.1, Frequency=10Hz) at room temperature using servo-hydraulic controlled machine. The fatigue endurance (S-N) curves of the welded joints and unwelded parent metal were constructed. The resultant fatigue properties were correlated with the tensile, hardness and microstructural characteristics of welded joints. The mode of failure was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the fatigue life of friction stir welded AA 7075- T651 Aluminium alloy joints is appreciably lower than unwelded parent metal but it is higher than fusion welded joints.
Keywords
AA 7075 Aluminium Alloy, Friction Stir Welding, Fatigue, Microstructure.- Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of AA1100 Aluminum Alloy — Parameters Optimization and Sensitivity
Abstract Views :257 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 43, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 35-46Abstract
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a single spot solid state joining process and has widely been employed in transportation industries especially for joining lightweight materials such as aluminum, copper and magnesium alloys. FSSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, plunge rate, plunge depth, dwell time play major role in determining the strength of the joints. A central composite rotatable design with four factors and five levels has been chosen to minimize the number of experimental conditions. An empirical relationship is established to predict the tensile shear fracture load (TSFL) of friction stir spot-welded commercial grade (AA1100) aluminum alloy by incorporating independently controllable above said process parameters. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to optimize the process parameters to attain maximum shear strength in the spot welded lap joints. Sensitivity analysis also carried out to study the impact of process parameters on output.
Keywords
Friction Stir Spot Welding, Aluminum Alloy, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization, Sensitivity Analysis.- Effect of Heat Input on Emissions during Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Mild Steel
Abstract Views :266 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Clean Technology Division, Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi - 110003, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Clean Technology Division, Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi - 110003, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 43, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 23-31Abstract
This paper reports the effect of welding heat input on welding emissions and its compositions during shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) of mildsteel plates. Five levels of heat input were used to fabricate the joints. Fume generation rate (FGR) and percent fume were determined by AWS methods. Composition of welding fume (particulate emission and gaseous emission) was evaluated. Mechanical properties (strength, hardness and toughness) and microstructural analysis of the weld deposits were evaluated. It is found that lower level of welding heat input is beneficial to weld mild steel by SMAW process due to lower level of welding emissions and superior mechanical properties of the joints.
Keywords
Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Fume Generation Rate, Mildsteel, Tensile Properties.- Sensitivity Analysis on Friction Stir Welding Process and Tool Parameters for Joining AA6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :294 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, IN
2 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, IN
2 Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 43, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 32-42Abstract
AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy (AlMgSi alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength-to weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Compared to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. In this paper relationship between the FSW parameters (tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter and tool hardness) and the tensile strength of the joint was established. Statistical tools such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the FSW parameters. A sensitivity analysis is carried out and compared the relative impact of input parameters on tensile strength in order to verify the measurement errors on the values of the uncertainty in estimated parameters.
Keywords
Friction Stir Welding, Design of Experiments, Analysis of Variance, Response Surface Methodology, Sensitivity Analysis.- Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam Welded AA2219 Alyminium Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :286 |
PDF Views:6
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining &. Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Department of Engineering, Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Kanchanbagh (P.O), Hyderabad, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining &. Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Department of Engineering, Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Kanchanbagh (P.O), Hyderabad, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 43, No 4 (2010), Pagination: 34-43Abstract
AA2219 aluminium alloy joints without filler metal addition were produced using electron beam welding (EBW) process. Microstructure characteristics, tensile properties, fatigue strength and fatigue crack growth resistance of the welds were evaluated and presented in this paper.
Keywords
AA2219 Aluminium Alloy, Electron Beam Welding, Artificial Aging Treatment, Tensile Properties, Fatigue Performance.- Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters to Weld Cast A356 Aluminium Alloy Taguchi's Design of Experiments Approach
Abstract Views :300 |
PDF Views:6
Authors
Affiliations
1 Mechatronics Engg., Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, IN
2 Mech.Engg., Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
1 Mechatronics Engg., Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, IN
2 Mech.Engg., Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 41, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 34-41Abstract
This paper presents an application of Taguchi's Design of Experiments, to identify the optimum setting of process parameters to maximize the tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A356 aluminium alloy. The quality of weldments in friction stir welding (FSW) process mainly depends on the factors such as tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force. Taguchi's orthogonal array L27, signal to noise ratio (S/N) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used to find the optimum levels and the effect of process parameters on tensile strength. To correlate the process parameters and the measured tensile strength, a mathematical model has been developed by multiple linear regression analysis. The mathematical model is found to be very useful to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A356 aluminium alloy. The optimum conditions to get maximum tensile strength are tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm, welding speed of 75 mm/min and axial force of 5 kN.
Keywords
Friction Stir Welding, Cast Aluminium Alloy, Tensile Strength, Taguchi Design, Regression Analysis.- Developing Empirical Relationships to Predict Diffusion Layer Thickness, Hardness and Strength of Al-Cu Dissimilar Joints
Abstract Views :309 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Material Joining & Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
2 Mech. Engg, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, IN
1 Centre for Material Joining & Research, Manufacturing Dept., Annamalai University, IN
2 Mech. Engg, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 41, No 3 (2008), Pagination: 37-45Abstract
The principal difficulty when joining Aluminium (Al) and commercial grade Copper (Cu) lies in the existence of formation of oxide films and brittle intermetallics in the bond region. However, diffusion bonding can be used to join these alloys without much difficulty. Temperature, pressure and holding time are the three main variables, which govern the integrity of the diffusion bonds. The experiments were conducted based on three factors, five-levels, and central composite rotatable design with full replications technique. Empirical relationships were developed to predict diffusion layer thickness, hardness, strength of Al-Cu joints incorporating process parameters using Response Surface Methodology. The developed relationships can be effectively used to predict the bond properties at 95 % confidence level.
Keywords
Diffusion Bonding, Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Grade Copper, Lap Shear Tensile Strength, Ram Tensile Strength.- Influence of Joint Configuration on Linear Friction Welded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Joints
Abstract Views :341 |
PDF Views:5
Authors
Affiliations
1 Research Scholar, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Associate Professor, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Professor and Head, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Scientist F, Materials Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) DRDO, Bengaluru, IN
5 Scientist D, Materials Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) DRDO, Bengaluru, IN
1 Research Scholar, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Associate Professor, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Professor and Head, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Scientist F, Materials Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) DRDO, Bengaluru, IN
5 Scientist D, Materials Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) DRDO, Bengaluru, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 54, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 67-75Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a unique material for structural applications of aerospace industry for the excellent strength and lightweight. The fusion welding of this Titanium alloy resulted severe residual stress formation and coarser grains in the fusion zone. To overcome these problems, a solid state linear friction welding (LFW) is a emerge technique to joining of blade and disk assembly in the next generation aero engines. The plastic deformation followed by forging action resulted finer grain structures in welded regions. This investigation elaborated mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of linear friction welded joints. The welding parameters established by statistical response surface methodology. The fabricated joints yielded maximum tensile strength and joint efficiency of 1011 MPa and 98%. The lower microhardness recorded in the thermo mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) among the weld cross section. The weld nugget microstructure composed of equiaxed grain structure. The fracture surface revealed that joints failed under ductile mode. The result concluded that the weld failure mainly due to grain coarsening subsequent deformation leads to weld failure in the LFW joint.Keywords
Linear Friction Welding, Titanium Alloy, Microhardness, Microstructures, Fractography.References
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- Guo Y, Attallah MM, Chiu Y, Li H, Bray S and Bowen P (2017); Spatial variation of microtexture in linear friction welded Ti-6A-4V. Mater Charact., 127, pp.342-347.
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- Abbasi K, Beidokhti B and Sajjadi SA (2017); Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V welds using α, near-α and α+β filler alloys. Mater Sci Eng A., 702, pp.272-278.
- Kishore Babu N, Ganesh Sundara Raman S, Mythili R and Saroja S (2007); Correlation of microstructure with mechanical properties of TIG weldments of Ti-6Al-4V made with and without current pulsing. Mater Charact., 58, pp.581-587.
- Balasubramanian M, Jayabalan V and Balasubramanian V (2008); Effect of pulsed gas tungsten arc welding on corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Mater Des., 29, pp. 1359-1363.
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- Tensile Properties of Gas Metal Arc and Cold Metal Transferred Arc Welded AA6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Joints
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1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR) Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR) Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 18, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 18-27Abstract
Heat treatable aluminium alloy such as AA6061 finding wide applications especially in the fabrication of door, hood and trunk components in automobile sector. These components are made up of thin sheets of aluminium alloys due to the low density, high strength to weight ratio, excellent weld ability and better corrosion resistance characteristics. Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is one of the most widely used welding technologies in the automobile industry, because of its higher productivity. Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding technique, the most advanced variant of GMAW process attracts the automobile manufacturers because of its capabilities such as stable arc, higher welding speed, less spatter and minimum distortion. This paper focuses on the welding of thin sheets of AA6061-T6 aluminium alloys by constant current-gas metal arc welding (CC-GMAW) and cold metal transfer-gas metal arc welding (CMT-GMAW) processes and highlights its tensile properties. The micro hardness variation across the weld joint was recorded by Vickers micro hardness tester. A soft zone is observed in the HAZ region in both the cases, but the relative softening with respect to the base material is less in case of CMT-GMAW joint compared with the CC-GMAW joint. It is also observed that the width of the soft zone in CMT-GMAW joint is less compared with the CC-GMAW joint. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of CMT-GMAW joint are improved compared with the CC-GMAW joint due to the better refinement of grain structure with narrow soft zone formation.Keywords
Aluminium Alloy, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Cold Metal Transfer Arc Welding, Tensile Properties, Micro HardnessReferences
- Flower, H.M: Light alloys: metallurgy of the light metals, ‘ International Materials Reviews’, Butterworth-Heinemann, Vol. 37, 1992,196-196
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- Wagiman, A; Bin Wahab, MS; Mohid, Z; Mamat, A: Effect of GMAW-CMT Heat Input on Weld Bead Profile Geometry for Freeform Fabrication of Aluminium Parts, ‘Appl. Mech. Mater.’ Vol. 465–466, 2013 ,1370–1374.
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- Y. Liang, J. Shen, S. Hu, H. Wang, J. Pang, Effect of TIG current on microstructural and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints by TIG–CMT hybrid welding, ‘J. Mater. Process. Technol’, Vol. 255, 2018, 161–174.
- Cornacchia,G; Cecchel, S, Panvini , A: A comparative study of mechanical properties of metal inert gas (MIG)-cold metal transfer (CMT) and fiber laserMIG hybrid welds for 6005A T6 extruded sheet, ‘Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol’ , Vol.94, 2018, 2017-2030.
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- Effect of Constricted Arc Welding on Tensile Properties of Thin Sheets of Aero Engine Grade Titanium Alloy
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Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Mfg. Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Materials Group (MTG) Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bengaluru, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Mfg. Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Materials Group (MTG) Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bengaluru, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 18, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 3-11Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have been considered as one of the best engineering materials for aero-engine applications, because they possess many good characteristics such as high specific strength, superior corrosion resistance and good high temperature strength. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) welding process is generally preferred because to repair aero-engine blades of its high versatility and easy applicability. Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc welding (GTCAW) is a new variant of GTAW process. It generates very high frequency (20 kHz) and alters the magnetic field of the arc, thus enabling the control of constriction of arc and leading to less heat input, narrow heat affected zone (HAZ), reduced residual stresses and distortion compared to conventional GTAW process. This paper reports the tensile properties of GTA and GTCA welded thin sheets (1.2 mm) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy used in aero-engine applications. The joints were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness survey. From this investigation, it is found that GTCAW joints exhibited superior tensile properties compared to GTAW joints due to reduction of prior beta grain boundary, higher fusion zone hardness and narrow heat affected zone. Hence, it is preferred that GTCAW process can be employed to repair aero-engine components over GTAW process.Keywords
Titanium Alloy, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding, Tensile Properties, Microstructure.References
- G. Lutjering and J. C. Williams: ‘Titanium’, 177–232; 2003, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
- R.R. Boyer An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry: ’Material Science and Engineering A’ Vol.213, 1996, 103–114
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- Prasad Rao ,K: Fusion zone grain refinement in GTA welds using magnetic arc oscillation and current pulsing. RAMP; 2001, 176–196
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- Simpson, RP: Refinement of weld fusion zones in alpha-beta titanium alloys, ‘Weld Journal’ 1977, 56–67
- Kishore BN, Ganesh SRS, Mythili R: Correlation of microstructure with mechanical properties of TIG weldments of Ti-6Al-4V made with and without current pulsing, ‘Materials Characterization’, Vol- 58, 2007, 581–587
- Naveen Kumar P, Bhaskar Y, Mastanaiah P: Study on dissimilar metals welding of 15CDV6 and SAE 4130 steels by Inter pulse gas tungsten arc welding, ‘Procedia materials Science’ Vol-5, 2014, 2382-2391
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- V. Vaithiyanathan, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi: Identification of Optimized Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding Parameters to attain Minimum Fusion Zone Area in Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets used in Aero Engine Components, ‘Journal of Advanced Microscopy Research’, Vol-13, 2018, 354-362
- Effect of Delta Current on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welded Inconel 718 Alloy Joints
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Affiliations
1 Centre for Material Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Mfg. Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram, IN
1 Centre for Material Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Dept. of Mfg. Engg., Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 18, No 5 (2019), Pagination: 48-60Abstract
Inconel 718 is a nickel-based superalloy which is of potential interest in high temperature applications in rocket and gas turbines. This alloy is mostly joined by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process for clean and precise welds and it is economical and shop friendly. However, due to the high heat input associated with this process, the joints are more prone for metallurgical problems such as coarse dendritic structure and segregation in weld metal region and liquation cracking in heat affected zone (HAZ) which significantly reduces the mechanical properties of the welded joints. To overcome these shortcomings, a recently developed Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding (GTCAW) process is used for joining Inconel 718 alloy. It is the advanced variant of GTAW process with magnetic arc constriction achieved by introducing high frequency pulsing Current (known as Delta Current). Delta Current pulsing at a very high frequency is controlling factor for the rise and fall of magnetic arc constriction during welding. The main objective of this investigation is to make the potential use of Magnetic Arc Constriction to reduce the heat input for minimizing metallurgical problems and enhancing the mechanical properties of the joints. To achieve this, main effect of Delta Current on tensile properties and microstructural characteristics of Inconel 718 alloy is investigated.Keywords
Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding (GTCAW), Delta Current, Tensile Properties, Microstructural Characteristics.References
- Lippold, J; DuPont, JC; DuPont, JN; Kiser, SD: Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel base alloys, 'John Wiley and Sons, Inc.', New Jersey, 2009.
- Agilan, M; Krishna Chenna, S; Manwatkar, Sushant, K; Vinayan, EG; Sivakumar, Bhanu, D Pant: Effect of welding processes (GTAW & EBW) and solutionizing temperature on microfissuring tendency in Inconel 718 welds, 'Materials Science Forum', vol. 710, 2004, 603-607.
- Gordine, J: Some problems in welding Inconel 718, 'Welding Journal', 1970, 480-484.
- Madhusudan Reddy, G; Srinivasa Murthy, CV; Srinivasa Rao, K; Prasad Rao, K: Improvement of mechanical properties of Inconel 718 electron beam welds— influence of welding techniques and post weld heat treatment, 'International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology', vol. 43, 2009, 671 - 680.
- Janki Ram, G; Reddy, A; Prasad Rao, K; Reddy G; Sarin Sundar, J: Microstructure and tensile properties of Inconel 718 pulsed Nd-Yag laser welds, 'Journal of Materials Processing Technology', vol. 167, 2005, 73 - 82.
- Sivaprasad, K; Sundra Raman, G: Influence of weld cooling rate, on microstructure and mechanical properties of Alloy 718 weldments, 'Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A', vol. 39A, 2008, 2115 - 2127.
- Sudarshan Rao, G; Saravanan, K; Harikrishnan, G; Sharma, VMJ; Ramesh Narayan, P; Sreekumar, K; Sinha, P: Local deformation behaviour of Inconel 718 TIG weldments at room temperature and 550°C, 'Materials Science Forum', vol. 710, 2012, 439 - 444.
- Sivaprasad, K; Ganesh Sundara Raman, S; Mastanaiah, P; Madhusudhan Reddy, G; Influence of magnetic arc oscillation and current pulsing on microstructure and high temperature tensile strength of alloy 718 TIG weldments, 'Materials Science and Engineering A', vol. 428, 2006, 327 - 331.
- Janaki Ram, GD; Venugopal Reddy, A; Prasad Rao, K; Madhusudhan Reddy, G: Control of Laves phase in Inconel 718 GTA welds with current pulsing, 'Science and Technology of Welding and Joining', vol. 9, no. 5, 2004, 390-398.
- Radhakrishna, CH; Prasad Rao, K: The formation and control of Laves phase in superalloy 718 welds, 'Journal of Materials Science', vol. 32, 1997, 1977 - 1984.
- Seidi, FR; Unkel, W: Arc and weld pool behavior for pulsed current GTAW, 'Welding Research Supplement', 1988, 247-255
- Influence of Current Pulsing on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welded AISI 304L Austenite Stainless Steel Joints
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 52, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 59-65Abstract
The Austenitic Stainless Steels (ASS) are probably the most widely used materials in stainless steels, category AISI 304L is an important grade of the ASS, which is commonly used in many of important industries such as containers of transporting chemicals, oil refinery, nuclear reactor tanks, dairy industries, and textile industries. Currently, 304L Austenitic stainless steel sheets are used as fuel tanks in Armour Fighting Vehicle (AFV). These tanks are fabricated by conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. In conventional welding, fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in inferior weld mechanical properties. Interpulse Tungsten Inert Gas (IPTIG) welding is a new variant of conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. This process offers many advantages over conventional TIG welding process such as narrow heat affected zone, deeper penetration compared to Constant Current TIG (CCTIG) and Pulsed Current TIG (PCTIG) welding processes. The present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of arc pulsing technique on cross sectional weld bead profile, micro hardness, microstructure and the tensile properties of welded joints. It is found that IPTIG welded joints showed superior mechanical properties compared to CCTIG and PCTIG joints, and this is mainly due to formation of finer grains in the fusion zone, caused by the combined effect of arc constriction and pulsating action.Keywords
Tungsten Inert Gas, Austenitic Stainless Steel, Interpulse TIG Welding, Tensile Properties, Microstructure.References
- Viswanathan R and Bakker W (2001); Materials for ultra supercritical coal power plants - boiler materials: part 1, J Mater Eng Perform, 10, pp.81-95.
- Baddoo NR (2008); Stainless steel in construction - a review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities. J of Constructional Steel Research, 64, pp. 1199-06.
- Lippold JC and Koteki DJ (2005); Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless steels 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
- Giridharan PK and Murugan N (2009); Optimization of pulsed GTA welding process parameters for the welding of AISI 304L stainless steel sheets. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 40, pp. 478–489.
- Karunakaran N (2012); Effect of pulsed current on temperature distribution, weld profiles and characteristics of GTA welded stainless steel joints. Int J Engineering and Technology, 2, pp.1908-1916.
- Martin L (2014); The Avesta welding manual-practice and products for stainless steel welding. Avesta welding AB, Sweden. www.kskct.cz/images/materialy/en/avesta/.pdf
- Yousefieh M, Shamanian M and Saatchi A (2011); Influence of heat input in pulsed current GTAW process on microstructure and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel welds. J. Iron and Steel Research International, 18(9), pp.65-69.
- Kou S and Le Y (1986); Nucleation mechanism and grain refining of weld metal. Welding Journal, 65, pp. 305-313.
- Farahani F, Shamanian F and Ashrafizadeh A (2012); Comparative study on direct and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding of Alloy 617. AMAE Int J Manufacturing and Material Science, 02 (01), pp.1-6.
- Yousefieh M, Shamanian M and Arghavan AR (2012); Analysis of design of experiments methodology for optimization of pulsed current GTAW process parameters for ultimate tensile strength of UNS S32760 welds. Metallogr Microstruct Anal, 1, pp. 85–91.
- Balasubramanian M, Jayabalan V and Balasubramanian V (2010); Effect of process parameters of pulsed current tungsten inert gas welding on weld pool geometry of titanium welds. Acta Metallurgica. Sinica. (English Letters), 23(4), pp.312-320.
- Tero-Technological Impact on Equipment Design for use in Environment Hazardous, Low Pressure And Cryogenics
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Affiliations
1 B. H. E. L, MHD Centre, Tiruchirapalli-620014, IN
1 B. H. E. L, MHD Centre, Tiruchirapalli-620014, IN
Source
Journal of the Association of Engineers, India, Vol 64, No Spl (1988), Pagination: 104-104Abstract
Although elemental gases were discovered long ago, it was only in 1886 that the Industrial gases industry was born with the establishment of the BOC by the Brins brothers in U.K. The industrial gases industry family comprises of many groups but the air separation gases (A.S.U) group constitutes by far the largest and most versatile group of the industry. The ASU gases can be termed as Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon.- Effect of Delta Current Frequency (DCF) on Microstructure and Tensile properties of Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc (GTCA) welded Inconel 718 Alloy Joints
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, Kerala, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, Kerala, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 53, No 2 (2020), Pagination: 65-74Abstract
Inconel 718 is a nickel-based superalloy mostly used in high temperature applications in aerospace sector due to its extensive mechanical properties and weldability . Gas T ungsten Arc Welding (GT AW) process is widely used for joining of Inconel 718 alloy for cleaner , precise and high-quality welds. However , due to the high heat input and wider arc associated with this process, it is having certain metallurgical problems in welding, such as coarse dendritic structure and segregation of alloying elements in weld metal region which significantly reduces the mechanical properties of the joints. T o overcome these limitations, a newly developed Gas T ungsten Constricted Arc Welding (GTCAW) process is employed to join Inconel 718 alloy . It is the advanced configuration of GTAW process, based on magnetic arc constriction induced by high frequency pulsing of the current known as Delta Current. The main objective of this investigation is to study the effect of Delta Current Frequency (DCF) on the weldability of Inconel 718 alloy for its viability in aerospace applications. The joints welded at 4 kHz showed superior tensile properties due to the refinement of grains in fusion zone. Increase in DCF results in decrease in tensile properties of the joints due to the coarsening of dendritic fusion zone microstructure. It is attributed to the stacking of heat input during welding.Keywords
Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding, GTCAW, Delta Current Frequency, Inconel 718, T Ensile Properties, Microstructure.References
- Gordine J (1970); Welding of Inconel 718, Welding Research Supplement, pp.531-537 .
- Lund CH (1961) Physical Metallurgy of Nickel Base Superalloys, Defence Metals Information Centre (DMIC) Report 153, Battelle Memorial Institute, Ohio.
- Lippold J, DuPont JC, DuPont JN, Kiser SD (2009); Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel Base Alloys, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New Jersey .
- Gordine J (1970); Some Problems in Welding Inconel 718, Welding Journal, pp.480-484.
- Wagner HJ, Hall A (1965), Physical Metallurgy of Alloy 718, Defence Metals Information Centre (DMIC), Report 217 , Battle Memorial Institute Columbus Ohio.
- Radhakrishna CH, Prasad Rao K (1997); The formation and control of Laves phase in superalloy 718 welds, Journal of Materials Science 32, pp.1977-1984.
- Janaki Ram GD, Reddy AV , Rao KP , Reddy GM (2005); Microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 electron beam welds, Materials Science and T echnology 21, pp.1132-1138.
- Madhusudan Reddy G, Srinivasa Murthy C V , Srinivasa Rao K, Prasad Rao K (2009); Improvement of mechanical properties of Inconel 718 electron beam welds- influence of welding techniques and post weld heat treatment, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing T echnology 43, pp.671-680.
- Agilan M, Krishna CS, Manwatkar SK, Vinayan EG, Sivakumar D, Pant B (2004); Effect of Welding Processes (GT AW & EBW) and Solutionizing T emperature on Microfissuring T endency in Inconel 718 Welds, Materials Science Forum710, pp.603-607 .
- Huang CA, Wang TH, Lee CH, Han WC (2005); A study of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of an Inconel 718 sheet welded with electron-beam welding (EBW), Materials Science and Engineering: A 398, pp.275-281.
- Leary RK, Merson E, Birmingham K, Harvey D, Brydson R (2010); Microstructural and microtextural analysis of InterPulse GTCAW welds in Cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V ,Materials Science and Engineering: A 527 , pp.7694-7705.
- Sudarshan Rao G, Saravanan K, Harikrishnan G, Sharma VMJ, Ramesh Narayan P , Sreekumar K, Sinha P (2012); Local Deformation Behaviour of Inconel 718 TIG weld-o ments at Room T emperature and 550 C, Materials Science Forum, 710, pp.439-444.
- Cortes R, Barragan ER, Lopez VH, Ambriz RR, Jaramillo D (2018); Mechanical properties of Inconel 718 welds performed by Gas T ungsten Arc welding, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing T echnology , 94 (9-12), pp.3949-3961.
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- Agilan M, Krishna CS, Manwatkar SK, Vinayan EG, Sivakumar D, Pant B (2004);Effect of Welding Processes (GT AW & EBW) and Solutionizing T emperature on Microfissuring T endency in Inconel 718 Welds, Materials Science Forum 710, pp.603-607 .
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- Ram GDJ, Reddy A, Prasad Rao K, Madhusudhan Reddy G, Sarin Sundar J (2005); Microstructure and T ensile properties of Inconel 718 pulsed Nd-Yag Laser Welds, Journal of Materials Processing T echnology , 167 , pp.73-82.
- Odabasi A, Unlu N, Goller G, Eruslu MN (2010); A Study on Laser Beam Welding (LBW) T echnique: Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructural Evolution of Superalloy Inconel 718, Metallurgical and Materials T ransactions A, 41, pp.2357-2365.
- Cao X, Rivaux B, Jahazi M, Cuddy J, Birur A (2009); Effect of pre- and post-weld heat treatment on metallurgical and tensile properties of Inconel 718 alloy butt joints welded using 4 kW Nd-Yag laser welding, Journal of Material Science, 44, pp.4557-4571.
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- Manikandan SGK, Sivakumar D, Kamaraj M, Prasad Rao K (2012); Laves phase control in Inconel 718 weldments, Material Science Forum, 710, pp.614-619.
- Radhakrishna CH, Prasad Rao K (1997); The formation and control of Laves phase in superalloy 718 welds, Journal of Materials Science, 32, pp.1977-1984.
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- Establishing Relationship Between Welding Current And Weld Metal Deposition Rate (productivity) for Metal Cored Tubular (MCT) Wire in Submerged Arc Welding Process
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Consolidated Contractors Company Ltd (CCC), Musaffah Industrial Area, Abu Dhabi, AE
1 Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Consolidated Contractors Company Ltd (CCC), Musaffah Industrial Area, Abu Dhabi, AE
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 19, No 11 (2020), Pagination: 3-12Abstract
Submerged arc welding (SAW) process is used to weld large, heavy metal deposition jobs that warrant critical requirements, and this metal joining process alone is used to weld approximately 10% of the deposited weld metal worldwide. Any augmentation in productivity of SAW process, will immensely benefit the welding industry, as this process is widely used on variety of common metals & alloys. This paper focusses on establishing relationship between welding current and productivity (in terms of weld metal deposition rate as an index), for a given filler wire diameter. Productivity rates of three most commonly used SAW wire sizes Metal Cored Tubular wires were studied, at different current values, covering full current range through bead-on-plate experiments. At each current value, the bead was optimized for acceptable visual quality, by varying arc travel speed and voltage, then the wire feed rate making acceptable bead was noted. The current density, the heat input and corresponding weld metal deposition rate were calculated for establishing an empirical relationship. The established relationship can be effectively used, to estimate the productivity from the current values, for a given wire diameter.Keywords
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Carbon Steel, Metal Cored Tubular (MCT) Wire, Bead on Plate (BoP) Trials, Weld Metal Deposition Rate (WMDR), Productivity, Heat Input (HI), Current Density.- Effect of Rotatory Arc Welding Technology on Metallurgical and Mechanical Performance of Armour Grade Steel Joints
Abstract Views :267 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Research Scholar, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
2 Professor, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
3 Professor, Head and Director, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
4 Scientist, Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), DRDO, Avadi, Chennai, IN
5 Outstanding Scientist, Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), DRDO, Avadi, Chennai, IN
1 Research Scholar, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
2 Professor, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
3 Professor, Head and Director, Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, IN
4 Scientist, Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), DRDO, Avadi, Chennai, IN
5 Outstanding Scientist, Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), DRDO, Avadi, Chennai, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 55, No 2 (2022), Pagination: 76-88Abstract
This work is aimed to investigate the arc rotation effect on mechanical properties and metallurgical characteristics of 18 mm thickness armour grade quenched and tempered (Q & T) steel joints. Mechanical properties like tensile, impact toughness and microhardness were evaluated from welded joints. Metallurgical characteristics of welded joints like macrostructure, microstructure, and weld metal chemical composition were analyzed. From the results, it is observed that the rotating arc gas metal welded (RTA-GMW) joint contain minimum heat affected zone width (1.8 mm) and exhibits better tensile properties (784 MPa) due to the decrease in heat density caused by arc rotation of the joining process. The impact toughness properties of weld joint showed 36 % improvement than the unwelded base metal. Microstructural studies also revealed higher volume percentage of fine delta ferrite (δ-Fe) with vermicular type δ-Fe morphological future in the weld joint. The rotation arc caused reduction in heat input, enhanced strength, impact toughness properties and creation of vermicular type δ-Fe morphology in armour grade Q&T steel welded joints.Keywords
Armour Steel, Rotating Arc Welding, Mechanical Properties, Metallurgical Behaviour.References
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- Indian Railways on Fast Track with Welding Industry 4.0 : Application of Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence
Abstract Views :153 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Tushar Sonar
1,
V. Balasubramanian
2,
S. Malarvizhi
2,
Namita Dusane
3,
V. Sivamaran
4,
C. Rajendran
5
Affiliations
1 G. S. Mandal's Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, IN
2 Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IN
4 Audisankara College of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous), Gudur, Andhra Pradesh, IN
5 Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IN
1 G. S. Mandal's Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, IN
2 Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IN
4 Audisankara College of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous), Gudur, Andhra Pradesh, IN
5 Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 20, No 11-12 (2021), Pagination: 10-20Abstract
The objective of this paper is to explain about application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in welding of Indian Railways. The introduction of welding technology has also been followed by the country’s economic growth. Indian Railways has long been the single most significant infrastructure entity in India, with the railway track network expanding for many years. The new manufacturing sector is speeding the transition to digital and intelligent manufacturing, with the ongoing growth and maturity of cloud computing, big data, IoT and other innovations. Welding methods are also one of the fields where AI is tested and used early, with the help of information technology. Train maintenance and repair is usually carried out in demanding working conditions and frequently under demand from time. In such high demand and dynamic activities, it helps to decrease human error. In the welding of rail tracks and machine parts, IoT and AI will certainly offer many advantages in less time and with greater accuracy and precision. It will allow the Indian Railways to become more profitable and effective.Keywords
Indian Railways, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Welding 4.0.References
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- Porosity and metallurgical characteristics of AA5356 aluminum alloy cylindrical components made by wire arc additive manufacturing process
Abstract Views :197 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India, IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 7-8 (2022), Pagination: 3-12Abstract
AA5356 (Al-Mg) alloys can reach medium strength without a solid solution and quenching treatment, thereby avoiding product distortion caused by quenching, which has attracted the attention of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) researchers. However, challenges during the additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys, such as porosity or poor mechanical properties, can be overcome by using arc technologies with low heat input. This paper presents metallurgical characteristics and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured AA5356 alloy cylindrical components fabricated by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Cold Metal Transferred (CMT) arc welding processes. Herein, comparison between the welding processes and the resulting heat input show the effect on resulting microstructural characteristics of additively manufactured AA5356 parts. Firstly, the influence of heat input on the porosity was analyzed. Subsequently, the effect of heat input on the microstructural characteristics of the components was studied. The component produced by CMT process exhibits fewer and smaller pores with finer grains and reduced segregation of β-(Al3Mg2) phases than the GMAW process.Keywords
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Al-Mg Alloy, Porosity, Metallurgical Characteristics.References
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- Predicting the load-bearing capability of resistance spot welded advanced high strength DP-1000 steel spot joints for automotive structural and body frame applications
Abstract Views :176 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 4Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
3 Centre for Welding and Additive Manufacturing (C-WAM), G. S. Mandal’s Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India., IN
4 Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
1 4Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining and Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
3 Centre for Welding and Additive Manufacturing (C-WAM), G. S. Mandal’s Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India., IN
4 Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 7-8 (2022), Pagination: 13-22Abstract
Resistance spot welding (RSW) is used to overcome the issues in fusion welding of DP-1000 steel such as softening in heat affected zone (HAZ), solidification cracking, high thermal residual stresses and distortion. The main objective of this investigation is to develop the empirical relationships to predict the tensile shear fracture load bearing capability of spot joints for automotive applications. The three factor – three level box-behnken design (3X3-BBD) consisting ofless experiments was chosen for developing the experimental matrix. The lap tensile shear fracture load (LAP-TSFL) and cross tensile shear fracture load (CROSS-TSFL) tests were performed to determine the load bearing capability of spot joints. The empirical relationships of LAP-TSFL and CROSS-TSFL of spot joints were developed using polynomial regression equations incorporating the process parameters in coded form. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was executed to check the viability of developed empirical relationships for LAP-TSFL and CROSS-TSFL. The empirical relationship accurately predicted the LAP-TSFL and CROSS-TSFL capability of spot joints with less than 1% error at 95% confidence level.Keywords
DP-1000 Steel, Resistance Spot Welding, Optimization, Tensile Shear Fracture Load.References
- Alves, P. H. O. M., Lima, M. S. F., Raabe, D., Sandim, H. R. Z. (2018). Laser beam welding of dual-phase DP1000 steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 252,498-510.
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- Chabok, A., Galinmoghaddam, E., De Hosson, J. T. M., Pei, Y. T. (2019). Micromechanical evaluation of DP1000-GI dual-phase high-strength steel resistance spot weld. Journal of materials science, 54(2), 1703-1715.
- Chabok, A., Van der Aa, E., De Hosson, J. T. M., Pei, Y. T. (2017). Mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of resistance spot welded DP1000 dual phase steel. Materials & design, 124, 171- 182.
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- Li, X., Wang, L., Yang, L., Wang, J., Li, K. (2014). Modeling of temperature field and pool formation during linear laser welding of DP1000 steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 214(9), 1844-1851.
- Pizzorni, M., Lertora, E., Mandolfino, C., Gambaro, C. (2019). Experimental investigation of the static and fatigue behavior of hybrid ductile adhesive-RS Welded joints in a DP 1000 steel. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 95, 102400.
- Rajarajan, C., Sivaraj, P., Sonar, T., Raja, S., Mathiazhagan, N. (2022). Resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steel for fabrication of thin-walled automotive structural frames. Forces in Mechanics, 7, 100084.
- Rocha, I. C. L., Machado, I. G. and Mazzaferro, C. C. P. (2015). Mechanical and metallurgical properties of DP 1000 steel square butt welded joints with GMAW. International journal of engineering & technology, 4(1), 26-34.
- Xue, X., Pereira, A. B., Amorim, J., Liao, J. (2017). Effects of pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding parameters on penetration and microstructure characterization of a DP1000 steel butt joint. Metals, 7(8), 292.
- Keith Hartley Memorial Award Lecture 2021: Recent Developments in Materials Joining and Welding
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Professor & Director Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR) Faculty of Engineering & Technology Annamalai University, Annamalainagar (P.O), Chidambaram – 608002, IN
1 Professor & Director Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR) Faculty of Engineering & Technology Annamalai University, Annamalainagar (P.O), Chidambaram – 608002, IN
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Indian Welding Journal, Vol 55, No 4 (2022), Pagination:Abstract
.Joining and welding is an essential component of manufacturing technology. New developments in joining and welding are evolved in order to acquire extraordinary benefits such as unique joint properties, synergistic mix of materials, cost reduction of component, increase productivity and quality, complex geometrical configurations, suitability and selection of material to manufacture new products. This paper provides an update on recent developments of welding and joining to showcase above benefits. Theoretical background, process parameters, novel aspects, process capabilities, and process variants along with its application are presented in this paper. The recent research works carried out in Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University on advanced welding and joining techniques such as friction stir welding (FSW), diffusion bonding (DB), linear friction welding (LFW) , gas tungsten constricted arc welding (GTCAW), rotating arc gas metal arc welding (RAGMAW) and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are discussed in this paper.References
- No References.
- Role of plasma gas flow rate on the microstructural and mechanical aspects of plasma arc welded titanium alloy joints
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
1 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
2 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India., IN
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Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 5-6 (2022), Pagination: 15-22Abstract
In the present investigation, the effect and role of plasma gas flow rate on the formation of microstructure during plasma arc welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy were studied using microscopic observation, energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, tensile tests and microhardness measurements. Plasma gas flow rate influences the arc pressure, arc constriction, and stability. The transformation of plasma arc from conduction mode to keyhole mode causes severe changes to the microstructural characteristics of the titanium welds. This transformation takes place with slight variations of PGFR. Weld geometries increase with an increase in the PGFR. The microstructural examination shows that there are various phases formed during the variation in PGFR. Fusion zone had acicular α and widmanstätten α. Mechanical properties (i.e) strength and hardness of the joints increase with an increase in plasma gas flow rate. In the joint welded with 1 L/min, there is the formation of α-case which is an oxygen rich brittle subsurface structure and found detrimental to the ductility of the joints.Keywords
Plasma Arc Welding, Titanium Alloy, Microstructure, Defects, Tensile, Hardness.References
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- Balasundar, I., Raghu, T., & Kashyap, B. P. (2019). Correlation between microstructural features and tensile properties in near-α titanium alloy IMI 834 processed in the α + β regime. Materials Performance and Characterization, 8(5), 932-945. https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC 20180162
- Baruah, M., & Bag, S. (2016). Microstructural Influence on Mechanical Properties in Plasma Microwelding of Ti6Al4V Alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25(11), 4718-4728. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11665-016-2333-8
- Brewer, W. D., Bird, R. K., & Wallace, T. A. (1998). Titanium alloys and processing for high speed aircraft. Materials Science and Engineering A, 243(1-2), 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0921-5093(97)00818-6
- Chen, J. C., & Pan, C. X. (2011). Welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using dynamically controlled plasma arc welding process. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 21(7), 1506–1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-63 26(11)60888-1
- Deshpande, A. A., Short, A. B., Sun, W., McCartney, D. G., Xu, L., & Hyde, T. H. (2012). Finite elementbased analysis of experimentally identified parametric envelopes for stable keyhole plasma arc welding of a titanium alloy. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 47(5), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309 324712445417
- Kumar, P., & Sinha, A. N. (2019). Effect of heat input in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) on microstructure and mechanical properties. Welding in the World, 63(3), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s401 94-018-00694-w
- Leonov, V. P., Mikhailov, V. I., Sakharov, I. Y., & Kuznetsov, S. V. (2016). Welding of high-strength titanium alloys of large thicknesses for use in marine environments. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 7(6), 877-883. https://doi. org/10.1134/S2075113316060083
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- Sun, W., Mohammed, M. B., Xu, L., Hyde, T. H., McCartney, D. G., & Leen, S. B. (2014). Process modelling and optimization of keyhole plasma arc welding of thin Ti-6Al-4V. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 49(6), 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309324714524947
- Sundaresan, S., & Janaki Ram, G. D. (1999). Use of magnetic arc oscillation for grain refinement of gas tungsten arc welds in α-β titanium alloys. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 4(3), 151–160. https://doi. org/10.1179/136217199101537699
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- Vyskoč, M., Sahul, M., & Sahul, M. (2018). Effect of Shielding Gas on the Properties of AW 5083 Aluminum Alloy Laser Weld Joints. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 27(6), 2993–3006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665- 018-3383-x
- Effect of copper electrode pressure on nugget diameter and mechanical performance of resistance spot welded thin DP800 steel sheets
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Meenakshi Ramaswamy Engineering College, Thathanur, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
2 G. S. Mandal’s Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
1 Meenakshi Ramaswamy Engineering College, Thathanur, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
2 G. S. Mandal’s Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, IN
3 Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 5-6 (2022), Pagination: 23-30Abstract
DP800 is an advanced high strength steel containing duplex microstructure of ferrite and martensite phases. It is broadly used in automotive structural frame applications owing to its high strength to weight ratio. DP steel is mainly joined by resistance spot welding (RSW) to avoid the problems of solidification cracking and severe HAZ softening. In this study, the effect of copper electrode pressure on nugget diameter and mechanical performance of resistance spot welded 1.2 mm thick DP800 steel sheets are investigated. The tensile shear strength (TSS) properties were evaluated in straight lap (SL-TSS) and cross lap (CL-TSS) joint configuration. Results showed that the DP-800 steel spot joints developed using the electrode pressure of 4.0 MPa exhibited superior SL-TSS of 830 MPa and CL-TSS of 684 MPa. It is attributed to the evolution of finer martensitic needles in nugget zone.Keywords
Dual-Phase Steel, Resistance Spot Welding, Tensile Shear Strength, Microstructure, Electrode Pressure.References
- Akulwar, S., Akela, A., Kumar, D. S., & Ranjan, M. (2021). Resistance spot welding behavior of automotive steels. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 74(3), 601-609.
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- Fonstein, N. (2017). Dual-phase steels. Automotive Steels. Elsevier Publication.
- Hernandez, V. H. B., Panda, S. K., Okita, Y., & Zhou, N. Y. (2010). A study on heat affected zone softening in resistance spot welded dual phase steel by nanoindentation. Journal of Materials Science, 45, 1638-1647. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10853-009-4141-0
- Kishore, K., Kumar, P., & Mukhopadhyay, G. (2019). Resistance spot weldability of galvannealed and bare DP600 steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 271, 237-248.
- Li, L. (2011). Microstructure and Property Control of Advanced High Strength Automotive Steels. In: Weng, Y., Dong, H., Gan, Y. (eds) Advanced Steels. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-642-17665-4_27
- Liao, X., Wang, X., Guo, Z., Wang, M., Wu, Y., & Rong, Y. (2010). Microstructures in a resistance spot welded high strength dual phase steel. Materials Characterization, 61, 341-346.
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- Rajarajan, C., Sivaraj, P., & Balasubramanian, V. (2020). Role of welding current on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of resistance spot welded dual phase steel joints. Physics of Metals and Metallography, 121(14), 1447-1454.
- Rajarajan, C., Sivaraj, P., Sonar, T., Raja, S., & Mathiazhagan, N. (2022). Resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steel for fabrication of thin-walled automotive structural frames. Forces in Mechanics. 7, 100084.
- Rajarajan, C., Sivaraj, P., Sonar, T., Raja, S., & Mathiazhagan, N. (2022). Investigation on microstructural features and tensile shear fracture properties of resistance spot welded advanced high strength dual phase steel sheets in lap joint configuration for automotive frame applications.Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 31(1), 52-63.
- Ramazani, A., Mukherjee, K., Abdurakhmanov, A., Abbasi, M., & Prahl, U. (2015). Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded DP600 steel. Metals, 5(3), 1704-1716.
- Santos, R. O., Silveira, L. B., Moreira, L. P., Cardoso, M. C., Silva, F. R. F., Paula, A. S., & Albertacci, D. A. (2019). Damage identification parameters of dual-phase 600-800 steels based on experimental void analysis and finite element simulations. Journal of Materials Research Technology, 8(1), 644-659.
- Wan, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, P. (2014). Effects of welding schedules on resistance spot welding of DP600 steel. ISIJ International, 54, 2375-2379.