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Ravikumar, V
- Antidepressant activity of Ondansetron in Albino Mice - A Case Study
Abstract Views :315 |
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Authors
Abhishek Acharya
1,
Susheela Halemani
2,
C M Siddalingappa
3,
V Ravikumar
4,
C G Gokul
5,
L J Kiran
6
Affiliations
1 Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
2 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere, IN
3 Professor and Head, Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
4 Dept of Anatomy, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
5 AstraZeneca Pharma India Limited, Bangalore, IN
6 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere
1 Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
2 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere, IN
3 Professor and Head, Dept of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
4 Dept of Anatomy, S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga, IN
5 AstraZeneca Pharma India Limited, Bangalore, IN
6 Dept of Pharmacology, JJMMC, Davangere
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 1-7Abstract
The 5-HT3 receptors are ligand gated ion channels which mediate the release of number of neurotransmitters. Anxiolytic activity of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist has been shown in animals. Greenshaw suggested the possible involvement of 5-HT3 receptors in depression. Redrobe and Bourir reported the partial role of 5-HT3 and its receptors in the activity of antidepressants in forced swimming test in mice. The study was done to evaluate the antidepressant potential of ondansetron and compare it with desipramine. The study included male swiss albino mice which were divided into five treatment groups and injected with Normal Saline 5ml/kg (control), desipramine 30mg/kg (standard), ondansetron 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg (test drugs) intraperitoneally. Each group contained 6 animals. Duration of immobility was observed for 6 minutes in tail suspension test and for 4 minutes in forced swimming test on same set of animals after giving a sufficient wash out period of 4 weeks. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test. Ondansetron at the above doses significantly reduced the immobility time in both the tests compared to control (p < 0.001). The reduction in duration of immobility was comparable to desipramine. The study showed that ondansetron has significant antidepressant activity in acute models of depression.Keywords
ANOVA, Ondansetron, Post Hoc Tukey's Test, 5-HT3, Desipramine.References
- Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. (eds.) Harrison’s principals of internal medicine Vol 2 17th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008: 2717-2718
- Susan J. Rogers and Jose E. Cavazos, Epilepsy: In pharmacotherapy pathophyl approach Joseph. T. 7 ed, Mc Graw Hill, New York, p 927
- Kenneth R, McQuald, Drugs used in Treatment of Gatrointestinal Diseases. In Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 11 ed, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2009: p, 1067-1102.
- Zifa E, Fillion G 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1992; 44:401-58.
- Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1977; 229(2):327-36.
- Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simon P. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1985; 85(3):367-70.
- Porsolt RD. Animal models of depression: utility for transgenic research. Rev Neurosci. 2000; 11(1):53-8.
- Detke MJ, Rickels M, Lucki I. Active behaviours in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants.
- Sacralisation of Lumbar Vertebrae in Karnataka Region
Abstract Views :253 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C. Shimoga, IN
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C. Shimoga, IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 44-47Abstract
The vertebral coloumn in humans is made up of 31 vertebrae which act as a stalk to hold the weight of the indivisual in erect posture. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common congenital anomalies of the human spine. In LSTV, either the fifth lumbar vertebra may show assimilation to the sacrum (sacralisation), or the first sacral vertebra may show transition to a lumbar con- figuration (lumbarisation). Although the condition has an incidence of over 12% in the general population, knowledge about the exact clinical implications is still lacking. The present study was done on dry sacrum in the department of Anatomy S.I.M.S. & R.C. Shimoga where the sacralisation was seen in 5 out of 115 sacrum studied in this region. This finding can shed some light in evaluating the causes of low back pain in patients and also may come in the way of counting the vertebrae in spine surgeries in which case the 5th lumbar vertebra can be mistakenly counted as first piece of sacrum. The occurrence of sacralisation in general population is 3.6 -- 18% and in many cases it is one of the reasons for low back pain. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for anatomists, orthopaedicians and neurosurgeons operating in this region.Keywords
Sacralisation, Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, Low Back Pain.References
- Prakash B S , Padmalatha K , Jagdish L Menda , Ramesh B R,Sacralization of Fifth Lumbar Vertebra, Anatomica Karnataka, Vol-5, (1); 2011; pp 65-68.
- Johannes L. BRON, Barend J. Van royen, paul i. J. M. Wuisman, The clinical significance of lumbosacral transitional anomalies, Acta Orthopædica Belgica, 2007 ; Vol. 73; 6.
- Castellvi AE, Goldstein LA, Chan DPK. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine 1984 ; 9 :pp 493-495.
- KubavatDharati, A Study Of Sacralisation Of Fifth Lumbar Vertebra In Gujarat, National Journal Of Medical Research, Vol 2, Issue 2, Apr- Jun 2012; pp 211-213.
- Bustami F. The anatomical features and functional significance of lumbar transitional vertebra. Jordan Med J 1989; 23: pp 49-59.
- Vandana A. Sharma,D. K.Sharma, C.K.Shukla. Osteogenic study of lumbosacral transitional vertebra in central India region. J. Anat. Soc. India 2011; 60(2): pp 212-217.
- Tini PG, WISes G, Ainn WM. The transitional vertebrae of the lumbrosacral spine: Its radiological classification, incidence, prevalence, and clinical significance. Rheumatol Rehabi 1977; 16: pp 180-185.
- Bertolotti M. Contributtoalla conoscenzadeivici di differenzarione regionale delrachide con specialeri guards all a similazzione sacraledella v. lumbare. Radiologique Medica 1917; 4:113-44.
- Duplication of Great Saphenous Vein - A Rare occurance
Abstract Views :314 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 55-57Abstract
Great saphenous vein is one of the longest vein in the body. As other venous channels this is also known to have different types of variation in its course and numbers. During the routine cadaveric dissection of undergraduate students in S.I.M.S. &R.C. Shimoga we found that the great saphenous vein was duplicated on the right side along with the presence of accessory tributaries joining it at various levels. In our case great saphenous vein was duplicated from its origin near medial malleolus and continued till the knee joint where it was joined by a tributary and later in the lower one third of the thigh it branched like a mesh and formed three trunks which ascended in the thigh and in the upper one third of the thigh two trunks joined to form anterior accessory saphenous vein and great saphenous vein proper which received the terminal tributaries later emptied into the femoral vein by piercing the cribriform fascia. The duplication of the great saphenous vein can explain the recurrent incompetence of the great saphenous vein. Also presence of such accessory trunks can be used for vascular grafting in cases of ischaemia and arterial blocks. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for surgeons, orthopaedicians and interventional radiologists who operate in this region.Keywords
Great Saphenous Vein, Anterior Accessory Saphenous Vein, Varicose Vein.References
- Suzi Su-Hsin Chen, Shri Kumar Prasad, Long saphenous vein and its anatomical variations, AJUM Feb 2009 ; 12 (1); pp 28-31.
- Dutta A.K. Essentials of human anatomy, 4th edn; vol3,Current book international, Kolkata, pp 159-160.
- Bailly M, Cartographie Chiva. Enclyclopedie Medico-Chirurgicale. Paris; 1993: 43–161-B: pp 1-4.
- N.E.Corrales, A. Irvine, C.L. McGuiness, R. Dourado , K.G. Burnard, Incidence and pattern of long saphenous vein duplication and its possible implications for recurrence after varicose vein surgery, Br. J. of Surg; 89: 2002; pp 323–326.
- Michael Kockaert et. Al, Duplication of the Great Saphenous Vein: A Defnition Problem and Implications for Therapy, Dermatological Surg ; Wiley Periodicals Inc ;2012; 38 ; pp 77-82.
- Shah DM, Chang BB, Leopold PW, Corson JD, et al. The anatomy of the greater system. J.Vasc Surg 198; 3; PP 273-283.
- Kaiser A, Duff C, Scherrer C, Enzler M, et al. Proximo-distal course of the diameter of the Great saphenous vein and distribution of the number of side branches as an inherent difficulty in infrainguinal arterial in situ bypass. Helv Chir Acta 1993 ; 59; 893-896.
- Anomalous Branching Pattern of the 3rd Part of Axillary Artery
Abstract Views :218 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
1 Department of Anatomy, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.I.M.S.&R.C, Karnataka, IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 68-70Abstract
Axillary artery is the principal artery of the upper limb. It is also the axis artery of the upper limb. The present case was found in a male cadaver aged around 70years. During the routine cadaveric dissection of undergraduate students in J.J.M.M.C Davangere we found that 3rd part of axillary artery divided into a larger superficial brachial artery and a narrower deep brachial artery. The superficial brachial artery did not give any branches in the arm and divided into radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of the radius. Whereas the deep brachial artery gave rise to subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and profunda brachial artery. The knowledge of such type of variation is important for surgeons, orthopedicians and interventional radiologists who operate in this region.Keywords
Axillary Artery, Superficial Brachial Artery, Deep Brachial Artery.References
- Patnaik, V.V.G.,Kalsey .G.,Singla,Rajan K. J.Anat. Soc. India 50(2) 166-169 (2001).
- Adachi. B., Das Arterien system des Japaner, Kyoto, Vol 1, 1928, pp 205,208,210.
- Treves, F.B.Rogers,L. In The Upper Extremity, Surgical applied anatomy, 11 edn; Cassell & Co. Ltd. London 1947; pp 230-231.
- Keen.J.A. ; A study oof arterial variations in the limbs with special references to symmetry of vascular patterns. American Journal of Anatomy,1961; 108; pp 245-261.
- Icten.N, Tuncar.I.Variant high origin of radial artery- A bilateral case; Surgery, Radiology, A natomy,1996;18 (1) pp 63-66.
- Safiye Cavdar, Ali Zaybek, Mehmat Bayranicli, A rare variation of the axillary artery.Clin.Anat;2000,13,Wiley-Liss.Inc; p 66-68.
- Vijayabhaskar.P. Ritesh. R., Shanker.P.R., Anomalous branching pattern of the axillary artery: A case report, Katmandu University Medical Journal Vol.4 No.4, Issue 16, 2006, pp 517- 519.
- Hamilton WJ, Mossman HW. Cardiovascular system,In: Human Embryology. 4th edn, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1972: pp 271-290.
- Shoulder joint. In :Decker GAG, du plessis DJ. Lee McGregor’s Synopsis of Surgical anatomy. 12th edn.Mumbai: K.M.Vargeese Company, 1986: pp 451.
- Cervicobrachial region. In: Samuel L Turek’s orthopedics : Principles and their applications: 4th edn Vol 2, Jaypee Brothers NewDelhi: 1989, pp 913.