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Tapas Ranjan Sahoo ¹, Debadatta Sethi ², Upasana Mohapatra ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubneswar (Odisha), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubneswar (Odisha), IN
3 Department of Agricultural Economics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubneswar (Odisha), IN

Abstract

Climate change is threatening food security globally. Countries like India are more vulnerable in view of the tropical monsoon climate and poor coping capacity of the small and marginal farmers. Several agricultural practices like indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals and crop residue burning contribute to emission of greenhouse gases leading to warming of the atmosphere. Sequestration of carbon both in the vegetation and soil is the most effective means of mitigating GHG emissions. There are several strategies of soil carbon sequestration which can be adopted at farm level. One of the recent developments is the conversion of crop residue biomass into biochar and using the char as a soil amendment rather than directly using the crop residues.

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Upasana Mohapatra ¹, Tapas Ranjan Sahoo ², Debadatta Sethi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN
2 Department of Agronomy, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN
3 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN

Abstract

India's agriculture is more dependent on monsoon from the ancient periods. Any change in monsoon trend drastically affects agriculture. Climate change is any significant long-term change in the expected patterns of average weather of region (or the whole Earth) over a significant period of time. It is about non-normal variations to the climate, and the effects of these variations on other parts of the Earth. Agriculture sector is the most sensitive sector to the climate changes because the climate of a region/country determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence, reduce final yield. The increased level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) etc.) due to anthropogenic activities has contributed to an overall increase of the earth's temperature, leading to a global warming. The net effect of climate change on world agriculture is likely to be negative. Although some regions and crops will benefit, most will not. Indirect climate impacts include increased competition from weeds, expansion of pathogens and insect pest ranges and seasons, and other alterations in crop agro-ecosystems.

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Upasana Mohapatra ¹, Veeresh S. Wali ², Swetalina Mohapatra ³, Vinoda Shankara Naik ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, SOA (DU) Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN
3 Department of Agronomy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi (Odisha), IN
4 Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., Bengaluru (Karnataka), IN

Abstract

The developing world faces the tough task of producing adequate food to meet the demands of its burgeoning population, as yield levels of major crops have struck a plateau. Food and nutrition security being the major concerns, agricultural R and D in less-developed countries is at the crossroads. The most significant demographic characteristic is that ‘virtually all population growth will occur in the poorer parts of the world’. The increasing population besides exerting pressure on food demand has also been striving to boost production and bring about balance in the demand–supply chain. Both rich and poor countries depend on the agricultural research conducted in the private and public laboratories of these countries. Those among the developing economies which strove to put their domestic agricultural R and D base into a state of preparedness for acclimatizing and absorbing the ‘imported technology’ on the one hand and to put the needed market and institutional arrangements in place on the other, emerged as the primary drivers of the adoption of new technologies. The need of the hour is to assess the ground reality is that whether agricultural R and D in the Third World countries is ‘too little or too late’. The top five countries in terms of agricultural R and D spending are the United States, Japan, China, India, and Brazil. The government sector is still the main player in public agricultural R and D, in terms of execution as well as funding. Although government allocations still present the main source of funding, there are again considerable differences across countries. A number of developing countries depend on non-governmental sources of funding. The majority of international agricultural R and D is carried out by the 15 research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). India has one of the largest and most complex agricultural research systems in the world, with more than a century of organized application of science to agriculture. The loss of dynamism in the agriculture sector is the major cause of crisis in Indian agriculture. Research and development (R and D) has potential to offer long-term solutions to the problems of agriculture sector.In India, the public sector plays a major role in agricultural R and D. In the twelfth five year plan, the Indian Government addressed this deficiency by committing a significant percentage of AgGDP to agricultural R and D. ICAR and the SAU system are making a concentrated effort to better target research and to improve co-ordination of programmes across the various institutions. Food and nutrition security being the major concerns, agricultural R and D in less-developed countries is at the crossroads. Intensity of ARD in the developing nations is too little. But, it’s never too late. Technology gap between developed and developing countries is increasing both, qualitatively and quantitatively.

Keywords

Agriculture, Education, Technology, Research.

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Upasana Mohapatra ¹, Susant Mohanty ¹, Sonu Acharya ¹, Bismay Singh ¹, Debarchita Sarangi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneshwar, IN
2 Department of Prosthodontics & Crown & Bridge, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneshwar, IN

Abstract

Bioactive restorative materials are the latest and the newest subjects of extensive studies and research in dentistry. It is not synonymous with biocompatible restorative materials. In the older times, research on biocompatibility was very much on the high, but in the recent times, research on bioactivity of restorative materials is on the rise. The interaction between dental pulp and these materials, its regeneration and healing are the major areas of interest.

Keywords

Bioactive, Dentine, Interface, Restorative.

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Upasana Mohapatra ¹, Susant Mohanty ², Sonu Acharya ², Bismay Singh ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Institute of Dental Sciences, IN
2 Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, IN
3 Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneshwar, IN

Abstract

The association of local anesthesia, the vasoconstrictor used in it and the medical condition of the patient concerned has long been studied, analyzed and modified. With the advancement in medical and dental practices, the number of complications relating the above stated parameters has also increased. This article gives a review of how the conditions of medically compromised patients effect the use of local anesthetic agent and the vasoconstrictors used with them in dental practice.

Keywords

Local Anesthesia, Complications, Medically-Compromised.

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