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Singh, Sunita
- HIV Positivity and use of Alcohol: A Study of Men Attending Integrated Counseling and Testing Center
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
2 2Statistician, of Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
3 Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
4 Dept. of Pharmacology, SIMS, Hapur, U.P, IN
5 Banaras Hindu University, U. P, IN
1 Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
2 2Statistician, of Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
3 Community Medicine, SIMS, Hapur, U.P., IN
4 Dept. of Pharmacology, SIMS, Hapur, U.P, IN
5 Banaras Hindu University, U. P, IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 84-89Abstract
Introduction: The studies have shown that alcohol consumption can induce risky sex behavior which can be an independent factor for HIV positivity. Objectives: The present was conducted in order to study socio-demographic determinants of alcohol use and its association with prevalence of HIV positivity among HIV positive men.
Materials and Method: The socio demographic data for this retrospective study was obtained from records of Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for one year. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Odds Ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and binary logistic regression were applied for data analysis.
Results: The majority of the males (63.05%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. 55.51% men had positive history of consumption of alcohol. Majority of the respondents who consumed alcohol were found from rural background, had educational qualification less than intermediate level, age more than 40 years and had history of migration (65.89%). Positive history of alcohol consumption was found to be highest among widowers (68.49%) and drivers (86.75%). The prevalence of consumption of alcohol among the respondents was found to be significantly higher among the groups of respondents coming from the rural background, having educational qualification post graduation & above, those having positive history of migration, those coming from nuclear families (P< 0.001). The association between HIV positive status and history of alcohol consumption revealed that highly significant association was found among respondents coming from the rural background, having education post graduation & above, having positive history of migration, those coming from nuclear families (P < 0.001)
Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates the association of alcohol consumption and migration with HIV positive status and highlights the need for appropriate interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention.
Keywords
Alcohol use, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Integrated Counseling and Testing Center.
References
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- Madhivanan P, Harnandez A, Gogte A, Stein E, Gregorich S, Setia M, et al. Alcohol use by me is a risk factor for the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus from female sex workers in Mumbai, India. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 685-690.
- Sagguriti N, Schensul SL, Singh R. Alcohol use, sexual risk behavior and STIs among married men in Mumbai, India. AIDS Behav 2010; 14 Suppl 1:S40-7.
- Cook RL, Clark DB. Is there a s association between alcohol consumption and sexually transmitted diseases? A systemic review. Sex Transm dis 2005; 32:156-64.
- Standardwick K, Davices C, Tucker L, Sheron N Binge drinking, sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infection in UK. Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18:810-3.
- National AIDS Control Organization. National Baseline High Risk and Bridge Population Behavioral Surveillance Survey 2006, Part II:FSW and their clients, New Delhi: Ministry of Health, Government of India; 2006.
- National Institute of Medical Statistics and National AIDS Control Organization: Community based survey on prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in urban and rural areas of India, New Delhi. National Institute of Medical Statistics and National AIDS Control Organization; 2005.
- Pandey Arvind , Mishra RM, Reddy Dandu CS, Thomas M, Sahu D, and Bharadwaj D. Alcohol Use and STI among Men in India: Evidences from a National Household Survey. Indian J Community Med. 2012 Apr-Jun; 37(2): 95–100.
- Singh Harminder, Dulhani Naveen, Bithika Nel Kumar, Tiwari Pawan , Chauhan VKS, and Singh Prabhakar. Rural Epidemiology of HIV Positive Tribal Patients from Chhattisgarh in India. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010 Jan-Apr; 2(1): 39–42.
- Sharma Rashmi. Profile of attendee for voluntary counseling and testing in the ICTC, Ahmedabad. Indian Journal of Sexually transmitted Diseases and AIDS 2009 30(1): 31-36.
- Sundarram KR, Mohan D, Advani GB, Sharma HK, Bajaj JS. Alcohol abuse in a rural community in India.Part I: Epidemiological study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1984;14:27–36.
- Singh SK, Schensul JJ, Gupta K, Maharan B, Kremelberg D, Berg M. Determinants of alcohol use, risky sexual and sexual health problems among men in low income communities of Mumbai, India. AIDS Behav 2010;14Suppl 1: S48-60.
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- Saggurti N, Mahapatra B, Sabarwal S, Ghosh S, Johri A (2012) Male Out-Migration: A Factor for the Spread of HIV Infection among Married Men and Women in Rural India. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43222.
- Nikolopoulos G, Arvanitis M, Masgala A, Paraskeva D. Migration and HIV epidemic in Greece. Eur J Public Health. 2005 Jun;15(3): 296-299.
- World Bank. Supplement to India’s Family Welfare Programme: Moving to a Reproductive and Child Health Approach. World Bank: Washington DC; 1996.
- Garg Suneela, Singh Maghachandra M, Nath Anita, Bhalla Preena, Garg Vijay, Gupta VK, Uppal Yogesh. Prevalence and awareness about STI among males in urban slums of Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 2007, 61(5):269-277.
- Kumar A, Kumar P, Gupta M, Kamath A, Maheshwari A, and Singh S. Profile of Clients Tested HIV Positive in a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center of a District Hospital, Udupi, South Kannada. Indian J Community Med. 2008 July; 33(3): 156–159.
- A Study of effect of Phenytoin on Liver Enzymes in Epileptic Patients in Western Uttar Pradesh
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences Hapur, U.P., IN
2 Department of Biochemistry, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences Hapur, U.P., IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences Hapur, U.P., IN
2 Department of Biochemistry, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences Hapur, U.P., IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 11-14Abstract
Aim & Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of phenytoin on hepatic enzyme levels in epileptic patients.
Method: In this prospective clinical study, we measured the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on 120 epiteptic patients. consecutive admissions to our epilepsy unit.
Result: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (gammaGT), AST, ALT activities have been estimated in 120 epileptic patients taking Phenytoin as anticonvulsant drugs. Serum AST, ALT & GGT levels were increased.
Conclusion: We found most of our patients on Phenytoin had an elevated serum concentration of GGT, which is consistent with previous reports. AST and ALT were also elevated in these patients and therefore suggested the increased GGT was due to enzyme induction. Elevation of GGT needs to be considered differently in light of the use of new antiepileptic medications.
Keywords
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), Metabolic Abnormalities, Phenytoin (PHT).References
- Zimmerman HJ. Anticonvulsants. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999: pp.498-516.
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- Mullick FG, Ishak KG. Hepatic injury associated with diphenylhydantoin therapy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1980; 74: 442-52.
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- A Comparative Study of Opioid Analgesics Morphine, Pentazocine, and Tramadol in Mice by Hot Plate Method
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology,Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P.,, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, Tagore Medical College, Chennai, T.N., IN
3 Department of Pharmacology,Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
1 Department of Pharmacology,Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P.,, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, Tagore Medical College, Chennai, T.N., IN
3 Department of Pharmacology,Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 112-115Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Prevention or elimination of pain therefore depends upon employing specific measures against the causative measures for e.g. treatment of pain for peptic ulcer is affected by antacids, antispasmodics and tranquilizers but never by analgesics. But when the cause of pain is not known, the drugs acting on the central nervous system alone have to be employed for immediate symptomatic relief. Pain arising from somatic structures responds to non-narcotic analgesics such as aspirin, paracetamol, oxyphenbutazone and that arising from viscera is relieved by narcotic analgesic drugs like morphine, pethidine etc. The study was done to evaluate the efficacies of the opioid analgesics morphine, pentazocine, and tramadol by accessing the analgesic activity on blocking of pain responses in mice to thermal stimulation. The study included male swiss albino mice divided into ten groups each group consisting of six mice. First group (control) was injected with normal saline. The other groups were injected with 3 different doses using drugs morphine injected subcutaneously, pentazocine and tramadol injected intraperitoneally. The analgesic activity on blocking of pain responses in mice to thermal stimulation and jump response was evaluated using hot plate. ANOVA and Student's t test (paired) were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Student's paired t test. Morphine at doses 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg s.c increased pain threshold in mice and showed significant increase in time for jump response in comparison with the other two drugs pentazocine and tramadol.The study showed that morphine found to most potent in comparison with pentazocine, and tramadol.Keywords
ANOVA, Student's Paired t Test, Pain, Morphine, Pentazocine, Tramadol.References
- Mersyek H et al 1979 Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain 6: 249-252
- Loeser J D, Melzack 1999 Pain: an overview. Lancet 353: 1607-1609
- Akil, H., Mayer, D.J., and Liebeskind, J.C. Comparison in the rat between analgesia induced by stimulation of periaqueductal gray matter and morphine analgesia. C. R. Acad. Sci. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D, 1972, 274:3603-3605
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- Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Jorrs, J.1988. A new sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain 32:77-88
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- A Prospective Study to Analyse the efficacy of Apraclonidine in Preventing Intraocular Pressure Rise After Neodymium: YAG (Nd-YAG) Laser Posterior Capsulotomy
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
3 Demonstrator Pharmacology of Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
3 Demonstrator Pharmacology of Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
Source
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Vol 1, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 116-118Abstract
Objective: To analyse the efficacy of (0.5%) apraclonidine in preventing the acute rise of intraocular pressure following Nd-YAG Laser posterior capsulotomy. Material and method: A prospective case controlled randomised study was performed in the department of ophthalmology of SIMS in collaboration of department of pharmacology. Result: A total 52 patients were divided in two groups. Half of the patients were given 0.5% topical apraclonidine 15 minutes before the procedure and immediately after the procedure and after 1 hr, 2hr, and 4hrs respectively. The other half were not given any IOP lowering drug.IOP was measured by tonometry. There was significant fall in IOP in test group patients. IOP in two groups 1hr after procedure was 13.08% rise in control and 6.40% fall in test group. Conclusion: Apraclonidine, a highly selective alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist effectively and safely lowers IOP spikes after laser treatment without causing significant side effects like bradycardia or hypotension.Keywords
Apraclonidine, Intra-Ocularpressure(IOP), Aqueous-Humor, Nd-Yagcapsulotomy, Posterior Capsular Opacification(PCO), Cataract.References
- Fankhauser F, Roussel P, Steffen J, Van der Zypen E, Chrenkova A. Clinical studies on the efficiency of high power laser radiation upon some structures of the anterior segment of the eye. First experiences of the treatment of some pathological conditions of the anterior segment of the human eye by means of a Q-switched laser system. Int Ophthalmol. 1981 May;3(3):129–139.
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- Migliori ME, Beckman H, Channell MM. Intraocular pressure changes after neodymium- YAG laser capsulotomy in eyes pretreated with timolol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987 Apr;105(4): 473–475.]
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- Evaluation of Drug Therapy in Cataract Surgery at Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghaziabad, U.P., India
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
4 Department of Pharmacology of Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
4 Department of Pharmacology of Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Ghaziabad, U.P., IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 4, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 197-201Abstract
Objective: To study the prescribing pattern in cataract surgery patients in SIMS, for evaluation of their pharmacoepidemiology.
Material and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology in collaboration with the department of Ophthalmology for a period of one year. Total 720 patients were analysed. Utilisation pattern of drugs like dosages form, route, frequency of administration and duration of therapy in preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative were audited. Drug prescription versus therapeutic indication was also evaluated.
Result: Different antibiotics mostly Fluoroquinolones, (like moxifloxacine (71.11%), gatifloxacine (16.66%), ofloxacin (4.16%) and, antiinflammatory drugs-bromofenac (54.27%), flurbiprofen (45.27%) and mydriatic-cucloplegic agents were prescribed.
Conclusion: The prescription was logical in respect of therapeutic indication. But in view of cost Moxifloxacin and Bromofenac could have been replaced by cheaper antibiotics and antiinflammtory drugs as Ofloxacin and Flurbiprofen.
References
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- Age and Education of Women in Gram Panchayat Activities in Haryana
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
Source
International Journal of Education and Management Studies, Vol 3, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 381-385Abstract
Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is best bet for good governance. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state having highest and lowest female literacy status i.e. Panchkula and Mewat, respectively. Majority of respondents were of middle age, illiterate and primary school educated. Majority of them had entered in PRI for the first time and overwhelming majority had attended training at village and block level. About 80% of them were interested to know more about PRI, their roles and responsibilities and preferred village as venue of training. Majority of respondents were having no knowledge about most of structural aspects ofpanchayat. Literacy advanced area had clear and positive effect on knowledge level of elected women representatives about structural and functional activities. Younger age respondents were having high knowledge level about most of panchayat activities, structural aspects and decision making. It is suggested that efforts are required for real empowerment of rural women by bringing about an attitudinal change in both men and women.Keywords
PRI, Gram Panchayat, Women Leaders, Women Participation, Women Empowerment- Herbal Options in Pregnancy:A Review
Abstract Views :197 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, RKDF College of Pharmacy, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, RKDF College of Pharmacy, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
Source
Research Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 3 (2011), Pagination: 127-128Abstract
Plants have been linked with the fitness of mankind from time immemorial. Several herbal drugs are used for the treatment of various diseases. In case of pregnancy, some precautions were taken while using drugs either they are synthetic or herbal. This review highlights those medicinal plant drugs which are safe in pregnancy for the treatment and prevention of various diseases.Keywords
Pregnancy, Plants, Herbal Drugs.- Association of Income and Occupation with Knowledge Level of Women Representatives in Gram Panchayat Activities
Abstract Views :190 |
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Authors
Sunita Singh
1,
Vinod Kumari
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
Source
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, Vol 4, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 181-186Abstract
Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is the best bet for good governance. The efficient functioning and desired goals of PRI are not possible without active participation of women representatives in different development activities and decision making process. It is the need of the hour to examine the knowledge of women representatives in PRIs despite the socio-economic constraints. The present study was undertaken to know the association of income and occupation with knowledge level of elected women in gram panchayat activities. The present study was undertaken in purposively selected Panchkula and Mewat districts of Haryana state having the highest and the lowest female literacy status, respectively. A sample of 160 respondents consisting of 80 respondents from each district was taken. Income and occupation are important indicators of economic and social position of an individual in the society. While categorizing the respondents according to their income, the contention of government to estimate the income for BPL was taken into account and it was operationalized as low (upto Rs. 27000), medium (27001-150000) and high income group (about Rs. 150000). Occupation was divided into four main categories viz; farming, agricultural and skilled labour, professional or businessman and any other work. The socioeconomic profile of respondents indicated that majority of them were from middle age, illiterate or primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. The result indicated a significant association between income levels of elected women members with their knowledge level. More number of respondents from high income group was having high knowledge of administrative and economic activities (62.00%), social activities (72.00%), political activities (80.00%) and public and civic amenities (62.00%). A significant association was also found between occupation and knowledge level of respondents about different Gram Panchayat activities as indicating that more than 80 percent respondents from professional and business class were having high knowledge level of different activities except agriculture, health and sanitation and judicial activities. Similarly respondents from other works like hawkers, small shops in village, domestic helpers were having high knowledge about different activities of Gram Panchayat.Keywords
PRI, Income, Occupation, Women.- Association of Caste with Knowledge Level of Women Representatives in Gram Panchayat Activities
Abstract Views :195 |
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Authors
Sunita Singh
1,
Vinod Kumari
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
1 Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
Source
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, Vol 4, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 213-216Abstract
The 73rd Constitution Amendment has created space for women in political participation and decision-making at the grass ischolar_mains level by reserving one-third of the seats all over the country. The efficient functioning and desired goals of PRI are not possible without active participation of women representatives in different development activities and decision making process. It is the need of the hour to examine the knowledge of women representatives in PRIs despite the socio-economic constraints. The present study was undertaken to know the association of caste with knowledge level of women in gram panchayat activities. The present study was undertaken in purposively selected Panchkula and Mewat districts of Haryana state having the highest and the lowest female literacy status, respectively. A sample of 160 respondents consisting of 80 respondents from each district was taken. Caste status in the present context was measured with the help of relative scoring pattern. Scores were assigned to different caste groups as per legal prescriptions under the constitution. These include: General castes (1); Backward classes (2) and Scheduled castes (3). The socioeconomic profile of respondents indicated that majority of them were from middle age, illiterate or primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed except a few like structural aspects and decision making. Women from general caste were having high knowledge about administrative and economic activities, agricultural, educational, public and civic amenities while knowledge level in case of women from backward class was high for social, political and health and sanitation activities. However women from schedule caste were having high knowledge of political activities.Keywords
PRI, Caste, Women, Kanowledge.- Constraints and Suggestions to Promote Women Participation in Gram Panchayat Activities
Abstract Views :200 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN
1 Department of Sociology, College of Basic Sciences, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, IN