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Mukherjee, Soumya
- Determinants for Selecting FMCG Products with Special Emphasis on Cosmetics and Toiletries Segment
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Bengal School of Technology & Management, Chinsura, Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
2 Centre for Management Studies, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, IN
1 Bengal School of Technology & Management, Chinsura, Hooghly, West Bengal, IN
2 Centre for Management Studies, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, IN
Source
Jaipuria International Journal of Management Research, Vol 2, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 76-82Abstract
Communication has become the key words for the organization. To survive in this competitive era companies need to adopt successful marketing strategy. Marketing communication tools always play a key role behind the effectiveness of marketing strategy. Each and every company is employing different media to reach its target audience. With the evolution of digital era, marketers need to be more perfect about their choice. They need to pay heed to both traditional as well as social media. Considering this fact the broad objective of this study is to find out the effective advertising media for the FMCG product. In this study different attributes are also given a focus along with the influencing factors for the FMCG products. It is also to ascertain which sales promotional tools attract customer most at the time of purchasing. The results of this study are presented through different graphs and tables. Even statistical tools are implied to bring a realistic picture how both traditional and social media play a part to attract the customers more towards the FMCG products i.e. how both the traditional and social media need to be synchronized to get an edge over the competitors.Keywords
Advertising Media, Traditional Media, Social Media, Target Audience, Sales Promotion Tools.
References
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- Eagle, Lynne and Kitchen Philip J (2000). IMC, brand communications, and corporate cultures: Client/advertising agency co-ordination and cohesion, European Journal of Marketing 38(5/6): 667 – 68
- Guthrie, Michelle F and Kim, Hye-Shin (2009). The relationship between consumer involvement and brand perceptions of female cosmetic consumers, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 17, Issue 2, 114-133
- Ihator, Augustine S (2001). Communication style in the information age, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(4): 199-204
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- Morgan, Rory P (1999). A consumer-orientated framework of brand equity and Loyalty, International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp. 65-78
- O'Cass, A and Grace, D (2003). An exploratory perspective of service brand associations, Journal of Services Marketing, 17 (5), pp. 452-275
- Oliver, RL (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, pp. 33-44
- Proctor, Tony and Kitchen Philip J (2002). Communication in postmodern integrated marketing, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 7(3): 144-154
- Rowley, Jennifer (1998), “Promotion and marketing communications in the information marketplace”, Library Review, 47(8): 383 – 387
- Srivastava, R and Gregory, T (2010). Managing brand performance: aligning positioning, execution and experience, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 17 (July), pp. 465–471
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- Inverted Gaze and Altered Erotic Spectacle
Abstract Views :182 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Study of Indian Diaspora, University of Hyderabad, IN
1 Centre for Study of Indian Diaspora, University of Hyderabad, IN
Source
SOCRATES, Vol 2, No 3 (2014), Pagination: 1-5Abstract
In primitive law of social organization, a woman is defined as a symbol of exchange between men and as an object of possession which is extended to the representation of women in paintings and later in photography and cinema. In cinematic representations, according to feminist film theory, it is the male protagonist who actively dominates the screen and the gazes while the female character, though essential for the narrative, is portrayed as a passive bearer of the gaze. The female body, as a spectacle, offers voyeuristic pleasure to the male spectator. But with the turn of the century, an inversion of the power equation in the dominant discourse of representation has taken place. With the advent of postmodernity and the concept of sex for sale, eroticized male body has appeared in the ambit of representation which is also a product of consumerist capitalism where every aspect of life is segmented to form separate consumer entities. This paper tends to look at popular Hindi films that are released in the recent past where the male body is offered as an eroticized spectacle. Interestingly, this kind of representation of the male body has also given rise to the concept of the metro-sexual man and a desire for mesomorphic body enhanced with all cosmetic products, promoting consumerism. The paper bases its analysis on Laura Mulvey's theory of visual pleasure and I attempt to apply it on the re-imagination of sexuality in cinematic spaces. The paper also examines the consumer spaces where the homo-sexual communities occupy substantial space as target audience which has enough potential to determine the direction and success of any popular cultural medium.Keywords
Sexuality in Cinematic Spaces, Laura Mulvey's Theory of Visual Pleasure, Cinema, Gaz, Gender, Male Body, Objectification, Pleasure, Representation.- Role of Magnesia as an Additive on Sintering and Micro-Structural Characteristics of Indian Bauxite
Abstract Views :334 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, IN
2 Department of Ceramic Technology, Government College of Engineering & Ceramic Technology, Kolkata – 700010, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, IN
2 Department of Ceramic Technology, Government College of Engineering & Ceramic Technology, Kolkata – 700010, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 28, No 4 (2014), Pagination: 10-15Abstract
Raw Indian Bauxite from Saurashtra region, Gujarat is selected for experimental studies to produce refractory material after sintering with addition of chemical grade magnesia powder of variable fractions (4wt%, 8wt%, 12wt %) as sintering aid for 4hours after mixing in rubber lined pot. Powder X-Ray diffraction study confirmed the formation of spinel (magnesio- aluminate phase) along with corundum as major crystalline phase. Physical properties like bulk density, apparent porosity is measured for the prepared samples. The maximum bulk density (3.57gm/cc) is obtained with 4wt% MgO containing batch with 0.53% of apparent porosity fired at 1500oC. Maximum shrinkage (29.59%) is attained at 1550oC with no additive batch. The elongated corundum crystals and rectangular spinel phase is observed in the thermally etched polished surface of the magnesia containing bauxite batch.
Keywords
Raw Indian Bauxite, Sintering, XRD, SEM etc.- Some Aspects on Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Aluminate Spinel Structure
Abstract Views :345 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata-700135, IN
1 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata-700135, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 31, No 5 (2017), Pagination: 23-25Abstract
Spinel based aluminates like compounds are found to have various applications as luminescent material, pigment, catalyst, electrodes and so on. Such compounds are observed to be synthesized by various processes like solid state method, sol-gel route, combustion, glycine, citrate methods, microwave assisted processing and others. The spinel compounds synthesized are noted to be identified by phase analysis, FTIR spectral analysis. In some cases, thermal studies of precursors are carried to obtain crystallization zone. Morphological analyses are carried by means of microscopic studies for compounds synthesized by different routes. Some important observations are discussed in brief for the spinel aluminates.Keywords
Spinel, Aluminate, Phases, Morphology, Properties etc.References
- Shiva Salem, Effect of calcination temperature on colorant behavior of cobalt-aluminate ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by combustion technique, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20, page 818-823, 2014
- Wenjie Xu, Xiaohui Liu, Jiawen Ren, Huihui Liu, Yichun Ma, Yanqin Wang, Guanzhong Lu, Synthesis of nanosized mesoporous Co–Al spinel and its application as solid base catalyst, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol 142, page 251-257, 2011
- Weidong Li, Jiazhi Li, Jingkun Guo, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CoAl204 spinel powder by low temperature combustion, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol 23, page2289-2295, 2003
- S. Kurajica, J. Popovicc, E. Tkalcec, B. Grzeta, V. Mandic, The effect of annealing temperature on the structure and optical properties of sol-gel derived nanocrystalline cobalt aluminate spinel, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol 135, page 587-593, 2012
- J.P. Moran-Lazaro, O. Blanco, V.M. Rodriguez-Betancourtt, J. Reyes-Gomez, C.R. Michel, Enhanced CO2-sensing response of nanostructured cobalt aluminatesynthesized using a microwave-assisted colloidal method, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol 226, page 518-524, 2016
- M. Gaudon, L.C.Robertson, E.Lataste, M.Duttine, M.Ménétrier, A.Demourgues, Cobalt and nickel aluminate spinels: Blue and cyan pigments, Ceramic International, Vol 40, page 5201-5207, 2014
- W. Li, J. Li, J. Guo, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CoAl2O4 spinel powder by low temperature combustion, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol 23, page 2289–2295, 2003
- C. Wang, S. Liu, L. Liu, X. Bai, Synthesis of cobalt–aluminate spinels via glycine chelated precursors, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol 96, page 361–370, 2006
- X. Duan, M. Pan, F. Yu, D. Yuan, Synthesis, structure and optical properties of CoAl2O4 spinel nanocrystals, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol 509, page 1079–1083, 2011
- M. Zayat, D. Levy, Blue CoAl2O4 particles prepared by the sol–gel and citrate-gel methods, Chemistry of Materials, Vol 12, page 2763–2769, 2000
- T. Onfroy, W. Li, F. Schuth, H. Knozinger, The role of the synthesis method in the structure formation of cobalt aluminate, Topics in Catalysis, Vol 54, page 390–397, 2011
- W. Lv, Q. Qiu, F. Wang, S. Wei, B. Liu, Z. Luo, Sonochemical synthesis of cobalt aluminate nanoparticles under various preparation parameters, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol 17, page 793–801, 2010
- J. Chandradass, M. Balasubramanian, K.H. Kim, Size effect on the magnetic prop-erty of CoAl2O4 nanopowders prepared by reverse micelle processing, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol 506, page 395–399, 2010.
- Important Characteristics and Brief Aspects of Spinel Magnesium Aluminate for Refractory Engineering
Abstract Views :334 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University, Kolkata-700135, IN
1 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University, Kolkata-700135, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 32, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 38-41Abstract
Spinel is class of material used for various versatile applications mainly in the field of refractory for iron steel industries, non-ferrous metals, cement making and for high temperature composites. Magnesium aluminate is the most popular spinel grade materials used for the above mentioned industrial applications. In the present article, a focus is attempted on the overview of synthesis using various routes along with characterization of compound having various engineering applications.Keywords
Spinel, Magnesium Aluminate, Refractory etc.References
- N.M. Khalil, M.B. Hassan, F. S. Ali, M.M.E. Shakdofa, Preparation and characterization of Nano spinel powder via co-precipitation and sol-gel techniques, Main Group Chemistry, Vol 12, page 331-347, 2013
- Xiongfeng Ding, Huizhong Zhao, Zhidong Xiang, Han Zhang, Qing He, Jingjie Li, Effect of hercynite content on the properties of magnesia-spinel composite refractories sintered in different atmospheres, Ceramics International, Vol 42, page 19058-19062, 2016
- Tuba (Aksoy) Bahtli, Cemail Aksel, Taner Kavas, Corrosion behavior of MgO-MgAl2O4-FeAl2O4 composite refractory materials, Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, Vol 53, Issue 1, page 33-40, 2017
- C. Pacurariu, I. Lazau, Z. Ecsedi, R. Lazau, P. Barvinschi, G. Marginean, New synthesis methods of MgAl2O4 spinel, Journal of the European Ceramic society, Vol 27, page 707-710, 2007
- Chandrima Ghosh, Arup Ghosh, Manas Kumar Haldar, Studies on Densification, Mechanical, Microstructural and Structure-Properties Relationship of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Refractory Aggregates Prepared from Indian Magnesite, Materials Characterizations, Vol 99, page 84-91, 2015
- Jian-hua Liu, Xiao-jun LÜ, Jie Li, Ling-yun Hu, Liangxing Jiang, Two-step sintering of magnesium aluminate spinels and their corrosion in Na3AlF6−AlF3 − CaF2−Al2O3 bath, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol 26, page 2754-2761, 2016
- Ali Saberi, Farhad Golestani-Fard, Hosein Sarpoolaky, Monika Willert-Porada, Thorsten Gerdes, Reinhard Simon, Chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel via nitrate–citrate combustion route, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol 462, page 142-146, 2008
- Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Silica from Rice Husk Ash
Abstract Views :503 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Ceramic Technology, Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata-700010, IN
2 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University, Kolkata-700135, IN
1 Department of Ceramic Technology, Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata-700010, IN
2 Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Amity University, Kolkata-700135, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 32, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 25-31Abstract
India produces annually 120 million tonnes of paddy. From the paddy growth, around 24 million tons of rice husk and 4.4 million tons of Rice Hush Ash are produced every year. Abundant silicon is observed to be contained within the agricultural biomass of rice husk. In the present article, nano-silica preparation from rice husk ash is carried using dissolution-precipitation technique which is a function of acid treatment, sodium silicate concentration, pH, aging temperature, aging time to establish optimum conditions for synthesis. The experimental process is carried by purging of carbon dioxide in alkaline solutions. Initially, nano amorphous silica was obtained after calcinations of rice husk ash at 600⁰C, 700⁰C, 800⁰C for 2 hrs. Calcinations results in removal of volatile components. Calcined RHA was mixed with alkali solution to produce sodium silicate solution and then precipitated silica was obtained by the neutralization of sodium silicate solution with carbon dioxide purging. Extracted precipitated silica particles were characterized by XRD, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and SEM for phase determinations, bonding formations and morphological features.Keywords
Rice Husk Ash, Nano Silica, Precipitated Method, Alkali Extraction etc.References
- M.T. Rahaman, M.A. Haque, M.A. Rouf, M.A.B. Siddique, M.S. Islam, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon and amorphous silica from rice husk, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Volume 50, Issue 4, page 263-270, 2015
- G. Davis, J.H. Song, Biodegradable packaging based on raw materials from crops and thir impact on waste management, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 23, page 147-161, 2006
- Susheel Kalia, Anil Kumar, B.S. Kaith, Sunn hemp cellulose graft copolymers polyhydroxybutrate composites: morphological and mechanical properties, Advanced Materials Letters, Volume 2, Issue 1, page 17-25, 2011
- Z. A. Mohd Ishak, Rice Husk: Turning wastes into wealth, eXpress Polymer Letters, Volume 5, Issue 7, page 569-570, 2011
- Hattotuwa G.B. Premalal, H. Ismail, A. Baharin, Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites, Polymer Testing, Volume 21, page 833-839, 2002
- S. K. Shukla, Nidhi, Sudha, Pooja, Namrata, Charu, Akshay, Silvi, Manisha, Rizwana, Anand Bharadvaja, G. C. Dubey, Ashutosh Tiwari, Preparation and characterization of cellulose derived from rice husk for drug delivery, Advanced Materials Letters, Volume 4, Issue 9, page 714719, 2013
- Johannes Carolus Jansen, Roberta Cassano, Sonia Trombino, Alessia Cilea, Nevio Picci, Enrico Drioli, Lidietta Giorno, Polymeric membranes with antioxidant activity based on cellulose esters and poly(vinylidene fluoride)/cellulose ester blends, Cellulose, Volume 18, page 359-370, 2011
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- Waste Management Principles and Disposal Processing Methods for Toxic and Non-Toxic Wastes
Abstract Views :212 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgy & Material Engg, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, IN
1 Department of Metallurgy & Material Engg, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 25, No 3 (2011), Pagination: 17-25Abstract
In modern industrial activities waste has become an indispensable item. But waste always does not mean it should be discarded, rather modem practices focus on reuse, recycling and reutilization of such waste for beneficiary contribution towards the society. Thus, there is necessary for awareness among people regarding waste and its disposal processing.
- Water Treatment and Purification Methodology for Habitable Use
Abstract Views :195 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 25, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 20-28Abstract
Water is an important natural inorganic compound of our planet. The earth crust comprise of 70% sea and ocean which is the largest reservoir of water source, coupled with availability from rain water during monsoon, water bodies like lakes, ponds and rivers Abundant water is required for humans and for other living beings to sustain the life.
- Phase Determination & Rietveld Analysis of Cobalt-Nickel Nanocomposites in Silica Matrix by Sol-Gel Method
Abstract Views :196 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata -700107, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, IN
1 Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata -700107, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 27, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 14-21Abstract
Cobalt-Nickel nanocomposites having different compositions were prepared by sol-gel method using precursors like Cobalt Chloride solution, Nickel Chloride solution for Co, Ni and Tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor. The sample was submitted to heat treatment under nitrogen atmosphere within the temperature range 800°C to 1050°C. The changes occurring during the treatments were followed by XRDLPA analysis with the help of modified Rietveld technique. XRD data for different samples have been analyzed to determine crystallite size, microstrain and lattice parameters and to understand the size dependent co-existence of Co and Ni in different crystal structure. During heat treatments. Cobalt and Nickel Chlorides were reduced to metal nanoparticles with dextrose as reducing agent. The average particle size of Co was 49-50 nm while average particle size of Ni was 46-47 nm with increasing temperature. The value of microstrain decreases with increases of weight percent of Cobalt and Nickel at a fixed temperature. Lattice parameters undergo no significant changes with increase of weight percent of Cobalt and Nickel for a particular phase at a fixed temperature.
Keywords
Sol-Gel Chemistry, XRD, LPA Analysis, Rietveld Technique.- An Overview on Plant set up for Refractory Material for application in Iron and Steel Industries
Abstract Views :179 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 29, No 4 (2015), Pagination: 23-28Abstract
Refractories are the most important component for lining of furnaces used for making iron, steel, non-ferrous metallurgical processes like A1 melting, Cu melting and for cement making kiln etc. Thus setting up refractory plant with care is required so that product generated will be of high quality as per customer satisfaction and International & National standards. In the present article procedure for setting up such industrial plant along with required equipments and set of activities are presented in brief.
- Sol-Gel Coating of Alumina on Stainless Steel (304L) Substrate and its property
Abstract Views :321 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 School of Mines and Metallurgy, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
1 School of Mines and Metallurgy, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 33, No 3 (2019), Pagination: 37-40Abstract
Sol gel coating over steel or stainless steel as substrate is important in terms of wear, hardness, high temperature stability and chemical resistance. For good quality coating it is vital that adhesive strength/bonding, surface preparations are needed to be focussed. Al-isopropoxide is used as the main precursors in water (proper mixing) followed by proper pH maintenance at around 3 with Nitric acid addition. Proper pH aids in deagglomeration among particulates at optimum temperature and soaking period. Sol is converted to gel by evaporation while coating of Al-isopropoxide over stainless steel substrate is carried by repeated vertical dipping. Annealing is carried at 600°C, 900°C and 1200°C for 2 hours in inert Nitrogen atmosphere.Keywords
Sol-Gel, Alumina, Stainless Steel, Surface Morphology, Phase Analysis.References
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- A Brief Insight on the Aspects of Barium Titanate as Electronic Material
Abstract Views :364 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-711340, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-711340, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 33, No 6 (2019), Pagination: 26-30Abstract
Barium titanate is a perovskite based electroceramic material having Curie temperature at around 120°C while the structure of this complex oxide is noted to be varying with crystallite size as prepared by various techniques. Barium titanate is one of the most promising candidates after replacement of lead based zirconate, niobates in the field of electroceramics for ferroelectric, piezoelectric applications. It possesses high dielectric constant, low loss characteristics leading to its viability for multilayer capacitor, capacitor and energy storage devices. Nanocrystalline form is found to have versatile application as piezoelectric sensors, transducers, sonar, actuator, thin film devices, high density optical storage, lasers, phase conjugated mirrors, on-chip programmable devices, nonlinear optics, catalyst, non-volatile memory and others. Donor doped barium titanate is also applicable as thermistors for its PTCR properties. Barium titanate crystals are also noted to be applicable for promising biomedical devices, bone cement formation, piezoelectric dopant for smart prosthetic implants. Domain structure is formed in the material during its transition from cubic to tetragonal at Curie temperature. Domain type, configuration is observed to be influenced by presence of additives, microstructure during the sintering process affecting the ferroelectric properties. The material is found to be synthesized by various methods like solid-state reaction, mechanochemical activation, sol-gel process, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, polymer precursor methods, low temperature biological process, chemical precursor route and others. Various physical properties in the context of concerned corresponding characterizations are discussed in the present article.Keywords
Barium Titanate, Electroceramics, Synthesis & Characterization, Relative Permittivity.References
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- R. Ashiri, Detailed FT-IR spectroscopy characterization and thermal analysis of synthesis of barium titanate nanoscale particles through a newly developed process, Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol 66, page 24-29, 2013.
- N. J. Joshi, G. S. Grewal, V. Shrinet, A. Pratap, N. J. Buch, Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Barium Titanate Prepared by Hydrothermal Process, Integrated Ferroelectrics, Vol 115, page 142–148, 2010.
- A. Kareiva, S. Tautkus, R. Rapalaviciute, Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of barium titanate powders, Journal of Materials Science, Vol 34, page 4853–4857, 1999.
- Shi-Fang Liu, Isaac Robin Abothu, Sridhar Komarneni, Barium titanate ceramics prepared from conventional and microwave hydrothermal powders, Materials Letters, Vol 38, page 344–350, 1999.
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- A Brief insight to Internet of Things (IOT) for Automobiles
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1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 34, No 2 (2020), Pagination: 54-56Abstract
IOT is a new term that revolutionizes modern concept of manufacturing, service sectors in global and national scenario. IOT actually gives birth to fourth generation of industrial revolution with modern approach to the concept of product, processing and its utility. IOT is a further step to the concept of autonomous car and industrial automation. Smart car of present time which consists of myriads of modern entities like navigation, cab services, entertainment is already a step towards high end automation, driverless car concept. IOT actually helps in more advancement of such concept leading to communication between devices and sensors installed in car for better traffic control, positioning, navigation, anti-theft and others. Due to IOT there will be possibility of connected cars playing a major role in the roads and for economy in future. IOT will also cause a major shift in automobile industry from concept focussing on products to services, experiences, from hardware to software, functionality to information as key objective for value creation along with industry silos to complex connected systems.Keywords
IOT, Automation, Automobile.References
- B S Devika, S Anitha Kumari, Review Paper on IOT Based Technology in Automobiles, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5, No 3, page 3140-3142, 2018
- Avital Cohen, Luis Arce-Plevnik, Tamara Shor, IOT in Automotive Industry: Connecting Cars, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2116.6489
- https://www.iotforall.com/iot-applications-automotive-industry/
- X. Krasniqi, E. Hajrizi, Use of IOT Technology to drive the Autonomous Industry from Connected to Full Autonomous Vehicles, IFAC, page 269-274, 2016
- Evolution of Spinel Magnesium Aluminate by Combustion Route Using Glycine as Fuel and Its Characterization
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Burdwan, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Burdwan, West Bengal, IN
Source
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science & Technology, Vol 6, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 21-24Abstract
Magnesium aluminate spinel was synthesized by solution combustion route in place of industrial practised solid-state process. To maintain the proper stoichiometric ratio, nitrate salt precursors were used in 2:1 molar ratio while glycine was used as a fuel and reducing agent for preparation. After annealing the prepared solution at 700 °C for 5 hours with variation in glycine as 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 molar ratio phases were developed. XRD analysis confirmed the phases developed after proper annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere. FTIR analysis yields the M-O coordinations and the bonding information of the synthesized compound. SEM analysis exhibits irregular polygon particulates having agglomerated chunk morphology with negligible porosity while EDX analysis confirmed the elements required for phase formation.Keywords
EDX analysis, M-O coordinations, Phase analysis, Spinel.References
- N. M. Khalil, M. B. Hassan, F. S. Ali, and M. M. E. Shakdofa, “Preparation and characterization of nano spinel powder via co-precipitation and sol gel techniques,” Main Group Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 331347, 2013.
- S. R. Ghosh, S. Mukherjee, and S. Banerjee, “Solution combustion synthesis of alumina spinel and its characterization,” Interceram - International Ceramic Review, vol. 67, pp. 34-41, 2018.
- D. Mohapatra, and D. Sarkar, “Effect of in situ spinel seeding on synthesis of MgO-rich MgAl2O4 composite,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, pp. 72867293, 2007.
- N. Habibi, Y. Wang, H. Arandiyan, and M. Rezaei, “Lowtemperature synthesis of mesoporous nanocrystalline magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel with high surface area using a novel modified sol-gel method,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 12491257, 2017.
- E. M. M. Ewais, D. H. A. Besisa, A. A. M. El-Amir, S. M. El-Sheikh, and D. E. Rayan, “Optical properties of nanocrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel synthesized from industrial wastes,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 649, pp. 159-166, 2015.
- H. J. Zhang, X. L. Jia, Z. J. Liu, and Z. Z. Li, “The low temperature preparation of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel by citrate sol–gel process,” Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1625-1628, 2004.
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- G. Ye, G. Oprea, and T. Troczynski, “Synthesis of MgAl2O4 spinel powder by combination of sol–gel and precipitation processes,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 3241-3244, 2005.
- [
- S. T. Aruna, and A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion synthesis and nanomaterials,” Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 44-50, 2008.
- Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel by Combustion Route
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgy, School of Mines and metallurgy, Kazi Nazrul Universit Asansol 713340, IN
2 Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, IN
1 Department of Metallurgy, School of Mines and metallurgy, Kazi Nazrul Universit Asansol 713340, IN
2 Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 35, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 12-15Abstract
Magnesium aluminate is synthesized utilizing precursors of Magnesium, aluminium nitrates in 1:2 molar ratios along with citric acid both as fuel and reducing agent. All precursors are mixed properly and undergo mild heat treatment in hot plate for partial combustion to obtain gel. Gel is made to dry and undergo annealing at 800ºC for 5 hours to obtain the required phase. Thermal analysis is carried for the gel to determine spinelization temperature. Phase analysis by XRD is carried to determine the phase followed by bond information from FTIR analysis in terms of M-O co-ordinations. Morphology of the sample is analyzed by SEM to be uniform, spherical shape with little bit of agglomeration tendency.Keywords
Spinel, Magnesium Aluminate, Phase, Bonding.References
- C P˘acurariu, I Laz˘au, Z Ecsedi, R Laz˘au, P Barvinschi and G M˘arginean, New synthesis methods of MgAl2O4 spinel, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol 27, page 707-710, 2013.
- M Y Nassar, I S Ahmed and I Samir, A novel synthetic route for magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) nanoparticles using sol–gel auto combustion method and their photocatalytic properties, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Vol 131, page 329-334, 2014.
- S Sanjabi and A Obeydavi, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel via modified sol-gel method, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol 645, No 5, page 535-540, 2015.
- A Saberi, F Golestani-Fard, H Sarpoolaky, M Willert-Porada, T Gerdes and R Simon, Chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel via nitrate–citrate combustion route, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol 462, page 142–146, 2008.
- M M Rashad, Z I Zaki and H El-Shall, A novel approach for synthesis of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 powders by co-precipitation method, Journal of Material Science, Volume 44, page 2992–2998, 2009.
- J C Debsikdar, Preparation of transparent noncrystalline stoichiometric magnesium aluminate gel-monolith by the sol–gel process, Journal of Material Science, Vol 20, page 4454, 1985.
- W Liu, J Yang, H Xu, Y Wang, Sh Hu and Ch Xue, Effects of chelation reactions between metal alkoxide and acetylacetone on the preparation of MgAl2O4 powders by sol–gel process, Advanced Powder Technology, Vol 24, No 1, page 436-440, 2013.
- Z Haijun, J Xiaolin, L Zhanjie and L Zhenzhen, The low temperature preparation of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel by citrate sol–gel process, Journal of Material Letters, Vol 58, page 1625–1628, 2004.
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- Solution Combustion Synthesis of Spinel Magnesium Aluminate and its Characterization for High Temperature Applications
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, IN
Source
Journal of the Association of Engineers, India, Vol 90, No 3-4 (2020), Pagination: 24-30Abstract
Solution combustion route was undertaken to synthesize phase pure spinel magnesium aluminate. High purity nitrate salt precursors were used in 2:1 molar ratio while citric acid was used as fuel and reducing agent for preparation after proper mixing of stoichometric salts and fuel agent. It was followed by drying at 80°C for 3-4 hours. Thermal analysis was carried to determine the crystallization formation of the phase. XRD analysis confirmed the phases developed after proper annealing at 650°C and 800°C for 5 hours. Morphology of the synthesized powders was analyzed using SEM while M-0 coordinations for bond formation were reported using FTIR spectra. EDX analysis confirmed the elements present in the synthesized material.Keywords
Spinel, XRD Phase Analysis, M-O Coordinations, FTIR, EDX Analysis.References
- Ghosh, S.R., Mukherjee, S. and Banerjee, S., Solution Combustion Synthesis of Alumina Spinel and its Characterization, Interceram, Vol. 67, pp.34-42, 2018.
- Mohapatra, D. and Sarkar, D., Effect of in Situ Spinel Seeding on Synthesis of MgO-Rich MgAl2O4 Composite, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 42, pp.7286-7293, 2007.
- Habibi, N., Wang, Y, Arandiyan, H. and Rezaei, M., Low-Temperature Synthesis of Mesoporous Nanocrystalline Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) Spinel with High Surface Area Using a Novel Modified Sol-Gel Method, Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 1249-1257, 2017.
- Ewais, E.M.M., Besisa, D.H.A., El-Amir, A.A.M., El-Sheikh, S.M. and Rayan, D.E., Optical Properties of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Synthesized from Industrial Wastes, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 649, pp. 159-166, 2015.
- Zhang, H. J., Jia, X. L., Liu, Z. J. and Li, Z. Z., The Low Temperature Preparation of Nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 Spinel by Citrate Sol-Gel Process, Materials Letters, Vol. 58, pp. 1625-1628, 2004.
- Pati, R.K. and Pramanik, P., Low-Temperature Chemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 Spinel Powder, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 83, pp. 1822-1824, 2000.
- Montouillout, V, Massiot, D., Douy, A. and Coutures, J.P, Characterization of MgAl2O4 Precursor Powders Prepared by Aqueous Route, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 82, pp.3299-3304, 1999.
- Ye, G.T., Oprea, G. and Troczynski, T, Synthesis of MgAl2O4 Spinel Powder by Combination of Sol-Gel and Precipitation Processes, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 88, pp.3241-3244, 2000.
- Aruna, S.T and Mukasyan, A.S., Combustion Synthesis and Nanomaterials, Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, Vol. 12, pp.44-50, 2008.
- Patil, K.C. Aruna, S.T. and Mimani, T. Combustion Synthesis: an Update, Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, Vol. 6, pp.507-512, 2002.
- lanos, R., and Lazau, I., Combustion Synthesis, Characterization and Sintering Behavior of Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) Powders, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 115, pp.645-648, 2009.
- Chen, W.F., Hong, J.M., and Li, Y.X., Facile Fabrication of Perovskite Single-Crystalline LaMnO3 Nanocubes via a Salt-Assisted Solution Combustion Process, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 484, pp.846-850, 2009.
- Wajler, A., Tomaszewski, H., Ciecela, E.D., Weglarz, H. and Kaszkur, Z., Study of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Formation from Carbonate Precursors, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 28, pp.2495-2500, 2008.
- Bai, J., Liu, J., Li, C., Li, G. and Du, Q., Mixture of Fuels Approach for Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanoscale MgAl2O4 Powders, Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 22, pp 72-76, 2011.
- Macedo, M.I.F, Bertran, C.A. and Osawa, C.C., Kinetics of the γ-α Alumina Phase Transformation by Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 42, pp.2830-2836, 2007.