Informatics Publishing Limited

Shweta Paroha ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ², Subrata Mallick ³

Affiliations
1 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anushandhan University, Bhubneshwar, Orissa, IN

Abstract

Drug design and drug discovery have critical importance in human health care. There are various sites for the drug targeting like cell membrane, intracellular constituents, outside the cell and possibly antimicrobial action. Receptor as agonist and antagonist, enzymes and pumps, ion channels, physicochemical action with Lipid, protein or water constituents of nerve cell membrane are targeted on cell membrane. Various type of nuclear receptor like Oestrogen, retinoid, vitamin-D, Glucocorticoid, Thyroid hormone, peroxisome proliferators, liver receptor etc. are targeted on the intracellular constituents. The traditional approach of drug discovery involves target identification, validation, lead search and optimization followed by clinical development phases. The recent targets for drug action are DNA, Nuclear Receptors e.g. Retinoid Receptors, Ion Channels e.g. Calcium channel, Enzymes e.g. Cholinesterase, Receptors e.g. Adenosine Receptor in the present work different targets of drug action are discussed in brief which is an essential part during discovery phase of a drug.

Keywords

Drug Design, Drug Discovery, Receptors, Targets.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Neha Pinkalwar ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Biomarkers provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of disease with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology, randomized clinical trials, screening and diagnosis and prognosis. Defined as alterations in the constituents of tissues or body fluids, these markers offer the means for homogeneous classification of a disease and risk factors, and the can extend our base information about the underlying pathogenesis of disease. A prerequisite for the clinical use of biomarker is elucidation of the specific indication, standardization of analytical methods, characterization of analytical features, incremental yield of different markers for given clinical indications. Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. The major use of biomarkers in clinical investigation.

Keywords

Diagnosis, Biomarker, Drug Developments, Disease, Clinical Investigation.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Swati Chaturvedi ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterjee ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the biodistribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. Nanoparticle has emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of drugs used in the treatment of cancer by avoiding the reticuloendothelial system, utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention effect and tumorspecific targeting. Delivery methods using nanoparticle are highlighted including both degradable and non-degradable polymers. The preparation techniques include emulsion polymerization, micelle polymerization, desolation of macromolecule, and emulsion-solvent evaporation methods. The particle size of the polymeric nanoparticle is in the nanometer range (10- 1000 nm) and is dependent on the method of preparation employed.

Keywords

Nanoparticles, Cancer, Reticuloendothelial System, Drug Delivery.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Munglu Matlam ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterji ¹, Shekhar Verma ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals viz; Simple phenols and phenolic acids (spp.2) Quinones (spp.3) Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonol (spp.3), Tannins (spp.7) coumarins, (spp.1), Terpenoids and Essential Oils (spp.19), Alkaloids (spp.9) Lectins and polypeptides (spp.5) ,mixture (spp.4), other compounds (spp.1) and new antimicrobial plant origins (spp.7) are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

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Pradeep Sahu ¹, Munglu Matlam ¹, Ravindra Dhar Dubey ¹, Shweta Paroha ², Shilpi Chatterji ¹, Shekhar Verma ¹, Tanushree Chatterjee ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals viz; Simple phenols and phenolic acids (spp.2) Quinones (spp.3) Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonol (spp.3) , Tannins (spp.7) coumarins, (spp.1), Terpenoids and Essential Oils (spp.19), Alkaloids (spp.9) Lectins and polypeptides (spp.5) ,mixture (spp.4), other compounds (spp.1) and new antimicrobial plant origins (spp.7) are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

Full Text