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Rashmi Tiwari ¹, Sanatan Nayak ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow - 226025, IN

Abstract

This paper highlights the inter-regional disparity in coverage of drinking water and sanitation services in Uttar Pradesh and measures the impact of literacy rate, female literacy rate and per capita income on sanitation. The secondary level data are collected from the National Family Health Survey, District Level Health Survey, Uttar Pradesh HDR Report, Census and NSSO to assess the above objective. The analysis of access to drinking water and sanitation shows that the provision of piped water supply still remains an unachieved goal in Uttar Pradesh. Moreover, it shows that a large part of the Uttar Pradesh households depend on their own private tubewells and pumps for their daily water needs. Uttar Pradesh has low coverage for both household sanitation and drainage service compared to all India level. As per the Census 2001, there are about 2.58 crores of households in the State and only 28 per cent households have individual household toilets. The paper reveals inter-regional disparity in Uttar Pradesh in the availability of drinking water and sanitation. A multiple linear regression model is used to estimate the impact of various determining factors, i.e. literacy rate, female literacy rate and per capita income on sanitation facilities. The results reveal that female literacy rate plays a significant role for improving access to sanitation facilities. So, the highest priority to female literacy and schooling should be given in the development programmes for improving the conditions.

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Sanatan Nayak ¹

Affiliations
1 Giri Institute of Development Studies, Sector 'O', Aliganj Housing Scheme, Lucknow-226 024, IN

Abstract

This paper focuses to assess the costs of degradation due to salinity and Waterlogging by loss of production method in the Sriramsagar Project (SRSP) command area of Andhra Pradesh. The loss of production method is used at the aggregate level to find out the per hectare loss of productivity of crops in this command area. The major findings of the study show that the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is reduced to 2.15 from earlier estimated BCR of 2.39 after integration of the effects of waterlogging and salinity into the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). Secondly, the total value of agricultural output decreased up to a maximum of 5 per cent, when the total cost of land degradation due to salinity and waterlogging are included. It is feared that when the impacts of other forms of land degradation are integrated with the CBA, the BCR may come down below the minimum required ratio.

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Pragya Sharma ¹, Sanatan Nayak ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, IN

Abstract

This paper tries to explore the extent and dimension of the rising phenomenon of feminisation in Indian agriculture using unit level NSSO data (70^th round) and Agriculture Census for 2005-06, 2010-11. The paper revolves around the trend of women participation in agriculture, determinant factors behind increased incidence of feminisation on farms, low recognition and symbiotic association between property rights, productivity and poverty. As per NSSO estimates, 49.79 per cent females in the working age (15-49) operated land during 2013 while their share has grown marginally i.e., 1.08 per cent from 2005 to 2011. This rising trend of feminisation in terms of operated holders has been predominant only in few States, viz. Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Uttarakhand, and has been more significant in case of small/marginal landholdings. The data analysis further concluded that majority of the females who operated land served merely as unpaid family worker (28.27 per cent), depicting that their contribution is significant but they are not being acknowledged accordingly. Lack of recognition, ownership rights, socio-economic set-up and certain other factors restrict them in achieving high productivity at farm level. The study confirms that assuring property rights to women farmers would aid in increasing productivity and reduce poverty level. Considering policy recommendations, it suggests for asset control to women and promoting cooperative farming which may improvise socio-economic conditions and generate higher farming returns.

Keywords

Feminisation of Agriculture, Unpaid Family Worker, Ownership Rights, Productivity, Poverty.

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Surendra Singh ¹, Sanatan Nayak ²

Affiliations
1 Faculty, ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, DPS Marg, PUSA, New Delhi, IN
2 Professor, Department of Economics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, IN

Abstract

The present study has attempted to examine the livelihood status of nine agro-climatic zones (ACZs) in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. The United National Development Programme’s (UNDP) methodology has adopted to develop a practical, innovative and ready-to-use sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) for different ACZs. A total of 84 rational indicators were employed that covered seven dimensions of livelihood security, i.e. infrastructure security, agricultural sustainability, economic security, social security, food security, environmental security, and health security. The quintile estimation was also employed to identify low productive districts with reference to Uttar Pradesh. The performance of ACZs in terms of estimated indices for different dimensions of SLSI has also compared and ranked across developmental indicators. Study findings revealed that Bundelkhand zone has the lowest livelihood security than that of other ACZs. Least access of basic amenities, least social and health security, and higher reliance on agriculture for livelihoods were the main influencing indicators responsible for lower livelihood security in Bundelkhand zone. At the same time, better infrastructural and health facilities and least reliance on agriculture for livelihoods were main contributing indicators for the highest livelihood security in Vindhyan Zone. The present study’s findings also matched with the results of studies conducted by the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog. The policy insights from the analysis suggest the need for prioritising vulnerable and less developed ACZs to arrest regional imbalances, prevent overexploitation and to leverage the unutilised potential of the districts.

Keywords

Sustainable Livelihood Security Index, Agro-Climatic Zones, Regional Disparities.

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