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S. Shanmugam , P. Selvakumar , M. Annadurai , K. Rajendran

Abstract

Occurrence of 19 weeds (18 angiospermic and 1 pteridophytic weed) was observed in the paddy fields of Sivagangai district in Tamil Nadu. The weeds are consumed as vegetables by the local people. During present study, botanical names of the weeds along with their families, vernacular names, mode of consumption and utilities as food have been documented.

Keywords

Paddy (Oryza sativa) Fields, Edible Weeds, Sivagangai District, Tamilnadu

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Subashini Suyambukesan ¹, Gopuchandran Lenin Perumal ², S. Shanmugam ³, Vishwanath Rangdhol ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Penang International Dental College, NB Tower, 12000, Butterworth, Penang, MY
2 Department of Periodontology, Penang International Dental College, NB Tower, 12000, Butterworth, Penang, MY
3 Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, IN
4 Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, Indira Gandhi institute of Dental sciences, Pillayarakuppam, Pondicherry, IN

Abstract

The aim of this study was to critically analyse the effectiveness of Vizilite in detecting Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD). This study was conducted on 70 patients, among them, 50 were identified to have Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and the remaining 20 subjects had no apparent lesions. Complete oral examination was performed for all the patients with normal incandescent light and Vizilite. All 50 cases with oral lesions underwent incision biopsy. The sensitivity and specificity of vizilite was investigated. Vizilite examination was 100% sensitive and specific for leukoplakia. But, the examination was not quite sensitive for lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis. No additional lesions were detected in normal subjects, no extra focal areas of lesions were detected in OPMD patients and there was no change in the biopsy site after vizilite examination. Oral Medicine specialists can diagnose the presence or can predict the progress of any Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders by conventional screening and complete examination. No additional benefits were obtained from the use of Vizilite.

Keywords

Chemiluminescent Illumination, Oral Cancer, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, Vizilite

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S. Shanmugam ¹, K. M. Sandhiya ¹, T. Ayyappan ¹, K. Sundaramoorthy ¹, T. Vetrichelvan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics. Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmarvathur-603 319, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

In the present investigation, an attempt was made to formulate the oral sustained release matrix tablets of Ambroxol HCl in order to improve efficacy, reduce the frequency of administration, and better patient compliance. Ambroxol Hydrochloride is a potent mucolytic agent capable of inducing bronchial secretions used in the treatment of respiratory disorders. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed the absence of any drug polymer interaction. Matrix tablets of Ambroxol Hydrochloride were formulated employing hydrophilic polymers HPMC K100M, Carbopol 934P and hydrophobic polymer Ethyl cellulose as release retardant polymers. The powder blend was evaluated for micromeritic properties. The sustained release matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. The tablets were evaluated for thickness, diameter, weight variation test, hardness, friability, and drug content. The in vitro drug release characteristics were studied in simulated gastric fluid (2 hours) and intestinal fluid for a period of 6hours using USP type II dissolution apparatus (total 8hours). The results of dissolution studies indicated that formulation F3 (drug to polymer 1:1.06), the most successful of the study and exhibited satisfactory drug release in the initial hours and the total release was very close to the theoretical release profile. Matrix tablet containing HPMC K 100M (F3) formulation were found to show good initial release (14.8% in 2 hrs) and extended the release (90% in 11 hrs). The n value for F3 obtained from Korsmeyer - peppas model confirmed that the drug release was anomalous diffusion mechanism.

Keywords

Ambroxol HCl, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Carbopol 934P, Ethyl Cellulose.

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S. Shanmugam ¹, T. R. Ramvignesh ², K. Sundaramoorthy ², T. Ayyappan ², T. Vetrichelvan ³

Affiliations
1 Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur – 603 319, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur – 603 319 Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur – 603 319, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Aciclovir, an antiviral is effective against human Herpes Simplex viruses, commercially available as a 3 % w/w eye ointment to be applied 5 times a day in the eye. The poor therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic ointments due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of an ocusert inserted in the cul-de-sac of lower eye lid. Inserts containing Aciclovir were prepared by using solvent casting method. Drug reservoir and rate controlling membrane were prepared using different hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers respectively with Poly Ethylene Glycol 400 as the plasticizer. DSC and IR spectral studies were performed to confirm the interaction of drug and polymers in formulation. The ocuserts were evaluated for their physico chemical properties, mechanical properties and in-vitro release characteristics. A zero order release formulation VI was subjected to UV irradiation for sterilization. The developed formulation was stable, sterile and non-irritant.

Keywords

Aciclovir, Ocusert, Diffusion, Polymers.

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S. Shanmugam ¹, S. Banthala Rajan ¹, T. Ayyappan ¹, K. Sundaramoorthy ¹, T. Vetrichelvan ¹

Affiliations
1 Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur-603 319, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

In the present investigation, an attempt was made to formulate the oral sustained release matrix tablets of zidovudine in order to improve efficacy, reduce the frequency of administration, and better patient compliance. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed the absence of drug polymer interaction. The sustained release tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using different polymers viz, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, xanthan gum, and ethyl cellulose as release retardant polymers, alcoholic solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as granulating agent. In- vitro release studies were carried out at pH1.2 for first 2 hrs followed by phosphate buffer at pH7.4 over a period of 8hrs using USP dissolution apparatus. The formulated granules showed satisfactory flow properties. All the tablets formulation showed acceptable pharmaco technical properties and complied with pharmacopoeial standards. The in-vitro release profiles from tablets of drug and different polymer ratio were applied on various kinetic models. Based on t90% values the formulation F9 was found to show good initial release (12% in 2 hrs) and may extend the release (90% in 10 hrs) and can overcome the disadvantages of conventional tablets of Zidovudine. The n value obtained from korsmeyer - peppas model confirmed that the drug release was non- fickian diffusion mechanism.

Keywords

Zidovudine, Matrix Tablets, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, xanthan Gum, Ethyl Cellulose.

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S. Shanmugam ¹, R. Babu ², S. Satheeshkumar ², P. Shanmugasundaram ²

Affiliations
1 Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, (VISTAS), Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, (VISTAS), Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antipsychotic activity of formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation was compared with marketed levosulpride sustained release formulation in experimental animal models. Male Wistar rats (180- 220 g) and Albino mice (25-30 g) were used for the study. The antipsychotic effect of the formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation was evaluated on locomotor activity on photoactometer and ketamine induced stereotypic behavior. Different groups of rats were fed orally with a specially prepared diet containing formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation was compared with marketed levosulpride sustained release formulation for 15 consecutive days. Further, the biochemical estimations were done by estimating brain dopamine levels. The formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation significantly decreased the locomotor activity of rats. The formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation significantly decreased ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced stereotyped behavior in a dose dependent manner. Formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation significantly decreased the brain dopamine levels. The results suggest that formulated levosulpride sustained release formulation posse's antipsychotic activity.

Keywords

Formulated Levosulpride Sustained Release Formulation, Ketamine, Photoactometer.

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R. Gurumani ¹, S. Shanmugam ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Mechanical Engg., National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, IN

Abstract

The influences of centre distance and tooth addendum increase on the contact ratio of involute spur gear sets are studied taking the major performance parameters such as bending strength, surface compressive strength and gear tooth deflection into account. In the first case, the contact ratio is intentionally varied between one and two by altering the center distance and for a given gear ratio, module and pressure angle. In the second case, for the same gear set, the contact ratio is increased by tooth extension within the permissible clearance limits on the addendum side avoiding interference. On either case, the influence of contact ratio on the performance parameters is analyzed. The results of the three dimensional FEM analyses from ANSYS are presented. For two sets of identical gears, when the contact ratio is increased in one set by tooth extension considerable improvement in the percentage engagement time is observed indicating improved performance capabilities.

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