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Shabbir Hussain ¹, S. Raju ², B. Dayal ², Fareeduddin ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Jhalana Dungri, Jaipur, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Aliganj, Lucknow, IN

Abstract

The concordantly emplaced polyphase granite suite exposed in the Champawat area of Pithoragarh district of Uttar Pradesh represents a part of the southernmost granitoid belt of Himalayan region. In the field it can be divided into four successive mappable phases, viz. biotite granite, grey granite, leucogranite and microgranite. Mineralogically the biotite granite and grey granite are classified as "granodiorite" while the leucogranite and microgranite are classified as "granite". All these varieties of granite show xenoliths of country rocks. Champawat granite suite is a well differentiated, polyphase, calc-alkaline, peraluminous, S-type granitoid batholith that ranges in composition from granite to granodiorite- adamellite and trondhjemite. It is interpreted to be the product of anatexis of supracrustals at middle to lower crustal levels. The geochemical discriminant diagrams of the Champawat granite suite suggest that it is an orogenic granite showing characters of continental collision environment.

Keywords

Igneous Petrology. Granite, Champawat, Himalayas, Uttar Pradesh.

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J. K. Pati ¹, S. Raju ¹, V. D. Mamgain ¹, Ravi Shanker ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India (NR), Aliganj, Lucknow-226 024, IN

Abstract

Geological mapping in parts of Bundelkhand Granitoid Complex (BGC) reveals a number of E-W trending shear zones marked by mylonites. Synkinematic fluid activity along these shear zones is conspicuous. Anomalous gold values in the range of 5 and 1000 ppb in BGC is recorded against a background value of l to 2 ppb in most Precambrian granitoids.

Keywords

Economic Geology, Gold, Granites, Precambrian, Bundelkhand, Central India.

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Santosh Kumar ¹, S. Raju ², Manjari Pathak ¹, Abhishek Pandey ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 002, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Dimapur - 797 112, IN
3 Rolta Academy, MIDC, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai - 400 093, IN

Abstract

Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic felsic magmatic lithounits exposed in the central part of the Bundelkhand massif have been mapped and their redox series (magnetite vs ilmenite series) evaluated based on magnetic susceptibility (MS) data. The central part of Bundelkhand massif comprises of multiple felsic magmatic pulses (∼2600-2200 Ma), commonly represented by coarse grained granite (CGG-grey granite, CPG-pink granite), medium grained pink granite (MPG), fine grained pink granite (FPG) , grey and pink rhyolites and granite porphyry (GP). However, the pink colour of these felsic rocks is the result of hydrothermal fluid-flushing leading to potassic alteration of grey granites. MS values of CGG vary from 0.058 to 14.75×10^-3 SI with an average of 6.35×10^-3 SI, which mostly represent oxidized type, magnetite series (73%) granites involving infracrustal (igneous) source materials. CPG (av. MS=3.95×10^-3 SI) is indeed a pink variety of CGG, the original oxidizing nature of which must have been similar to the bulk of CGG, but has been moderately to strongly reduced because of distinctly more porphyritic nature together with partial assimilation of metapelitic (supracrustal) materials, surmicaceous enclaves, carbonaceous material included in the source materials, and to some extent, induced by hydrothermal and later deformational processes. MPG (av. MS= 1.15×10^-3 SI) as lensoidal stock-like bodies intrudes the CPG and represent both magnetite series (18%) and ilmenite series (82%) granites, which are probably formed by heterogeneous (mixed) source rocks. GP (av. MS=6.26×10^-3 SI) occur as dykes (mostly trending NE-SW) intrudes the MPG, CPG and migmatites and bears the nature similar to oxidized type, magnetite series granite. FPG (av. MS= 0.666×10^-3 SI) trending NE-SW occur as lensoid bodies including a large outcrop, is intrusive into both CPG and MPG, and is moderately to very strongly reduced type, ilmenite series granites, which may be derived by the melting of metapelitic crustal sources. FPG hosting microgranular (mafic magmatic) enclaves commonly exhibit high MS values (7.31-10.22×10^-3 SI), which appear induced by the mixing and mingling of interacting felsic and mafic magmas prevailed in an open system. Grey (av. MS=10.30×10^-3 SI) and pink (av. MS=6.72×10^-3 SI) rhyolites represent oxidized type, magnetite series granites, which may have been derived from infracrustal (magmatic) protoliths. Granite series evaluation of felsic magmatic rocks of central part of Bundelkhand massif strongly suggests their varied redox conditions (differential oxygen fugacity) mostly intrinsic to magma source regions and partially modified by hydrothermal and tectonic processes acting upon them.

Keywords

Magnetic Susceptibility, Magnetite Series, Ilmenite Series, Granitoids, Bundelkhand Massif, Central India.

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A. S. N. Murty ¹, Kalachand Sain ², V. Sridhar ², A. S. S. S. R. S. Prasad ², S. Raju ²

Affiliations
1 No. 19-104/4, Kalyanapuri, Uppal, Hyderabad 500 039, IN
2 CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, IN

Abstract

Mapping of sediments beneath volcanic Traps is a highly challenging task. Here we report on the analysis of wide-angle seismic data from Trap-covered Saurashtra peninsula to address this problem. Traveltime modelling of mainly seismic refraction and some reflection phases yields basement configuration, trap and subtrappean sediment thicknesses along the Jodia-Ansador (NW-SE) profile in Saurashtra peninsula. Travel-time skip and amplitude decay in seismic refraction data indicate the presence of low-velocity sediments beneath the Traps. The result reveals two layers with Deccan Traps (4.85-5.0 km s^-1) followed by Mesozoic sediments above the basement (5.8-6.1 km s^-1). Using the lower bound velocity (3.2 km s^-1), sediment thickness varies between 800 and 1500 m. Based on upper bound velocity (4.3 km s^-1), we find both the sediment thickness and basement depth increase by 600-700 m. The thickness of sediments is more in the northwest and decreases gradually in the southeast, suggesting that the northwestern part of the profile is an important zone for hydrocarbon exploration in the Saurashtra peninsula. With the lower bound velocity of Mesozoics, we find that the basement (5.8-6.1 km s^-1) is deep (~2100 m) in the northwest and shallows up near Atkot to ~1.0 km depth, and then deepens further southeast, showing the basement upwarped. The overall velocity and boundary uncertainties are of the order of ±0.15 km s^-1 and ± 0.15 km respectively.

Keywords

Seismic Refraction, Sediment Thickness, Travel-Time Inversion, Volcanic Traps.

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P. Rajeswari ¹, N. Sureshkumar ², S. Raju ³

Affiliations
1 Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, TamilNadu, IN
2 Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, TamilNadu, IN
3 Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, TamilNadu, IN

Abstract

As very large scale integration (VLSI) technology shrinks to Deep Sub Micron (DSM) geometries, interconnect is becoming a limiting factor in determining circuit performance. High speed interconnect suffers from signal integrity effects like crosstalk, and propagation delay thereby degrading the entire system operation. In order to reduce the adverse signal integrity effects, if is necessary for the interconnect to have accurate physical dimensions. The interconnection and packaging related issues are main factors that determine the number of circuits that can be integrated in a chip as well as the chip performance. In this paper, it is proposed to simulate high speed interconnect structure using Alternate Direction Implicit Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (ADI-FDTD) method.

Keywords

High Speed Interconnects, Microstripline, Signal Integrity, ADI-FDTD Method.

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P. Rajeswari ¹, G. Venkata Subramanian ², N. Suresh Kumar ³, S. Raju ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, IN
2 Department of ECE, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, IN
3 Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, IN
4 Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, IN

Abstract

The role of interconnects in integrated circuit performances has considerably increased with the technology scale down. Hence interconnect signal integrity becomes much more important, due to the smaller feature sizes and wire pitches. Devices with faster rise and fall times (typically tens of picoseconds) make global interconnects such as clock nets, bus signals, power/ground grids, more vulnerable to signal integrity (SI) degradations. Meanwhile, nanometer process technologies have increased manufacturing and lithography-based distortions of wires, dielectrics, and devices. Starting with the 130nm generation, the interconnect delay began to surpass the intrinsic gate delay. Since most of the delay comes from the IC's interconnect, the tool flow needs accurate interconnect delay information as early as possible and should allow continuous optimization in different stages to correctly reflect the real interconnect delay. The power consumption, performance, signals and power integrity are all affected by the chip interconnect. In addition, minimizing the signal integrity effects such as crosstalk, reflections loss, attenuation, insertion loss, etc., is also a major challenge in the nanometer design. Hence the signal integrity analysis of high-speed electronic designs at nanometer range requires a specific design methodology. In this paper, a single pass SI-aware design methodology is adopted; whose design flow involves three steps. First, the parameters (such as scattering, RLC, Transmission line and near field distributions), which characterize the transmission line structures as interconnect are extracted. Then the frequency range over which the different interconnect structures having minimum losses are found based on the extracted parameters. Next, the nanometer structure selected based on a standard design criterion, is analyzed for various signal integrity effects. Finally, suitable mitigation techniques are adopted so as to eliminate the SI effects.

Keywords

Signal Integrity, Transmission Line Structures, SI Effects, Parameter Extraction.

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S. Raju , V. Uma Maheshwara Rao , K. Sreeramulu Reddy , G. Ramya , G. Vasanth Kumar

Abstract

Bilirubin is the degradation product of heme, the bulk of which is derived from hemoglobin of senescent erythrocytes and hepatic hemoproteins. Bilirubin is pot entially toxic, but is normally rendere d harmless by binding to plasma albumin, and efficient hepatic clearance. Jaundice , ( also known as icterus ) is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by hype rbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood). Complications of jaundice include sepsis especially cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, pancreatitis, coagulopathy, renal and liver failure. Treatment of rats with Phenylhydrazine 5 mg/ kg body weigh t for five days resulted in the development of jaundice as BR level was found to be higher than 2 mg/ dL . Bilirubin lowering potential of Benzoin ethyl alcohol extract was evaluated in te mporarily jaundiced adult wistar rats. Treatment of these rats with Be nzoin extract for seven days reduced the BR level significantly to the normal value. Whereas smaller dose (10mg/kg body weight) resulted in the reduction in BR level from 2.51 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01 mg/dL , higher doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight were fo und to be more effective in reducing the bilirubin level from 2.54 ± 0.01 to 0.82 ± 0.01 mg/dL and from 2.49 ± 0.02 to 0.66 ± 0.01 mg/dL, respectively. Therefore, Benzoin ethyl alcohol extract can be used to reduce bilirubin concentration to a normal level in jaundiced subjects.

Keywords

Benzoin Ethyl Alcohol Extract, Hyperbilirubinemia, Jaundice, Bilirubin.

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S. Raju , V. Uma Maheshwara Rao

Abstract

The concept of vaccination has been around for centuries. Vaccines constitutes cost - effective measures for preventing disease. Advances in biotechnology and an understanding of the inductive and effector components of immune responses have ushered in a 'golden age' of vaccine development and implementation. Many licensed vaccines have one or more ideal characteristics, but none manifests them all. Of the generic vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies in different stages of development, some have already demonstrated their flexibility, practicality, robustness and potential simplicity of production and others hold promise for the futur e. Although conventional methods of development of vaccines are successful in many cases, this approach took a long time to provide vaccines against those pathogens for which the solution was easy and failed to provide a solution or those bacteria and par asites that did not have obvious immunodominant protective antigens. The reverse approach to vaccine development takes advantage of the genome sequence of the pathogen. This approach allows not only the identification of all the antigens seen by the conven tional methods, but also the discovery of novel antigens that work on a totally different paradigm. With the genome sequences of many bacteria, parasites and viruses to be completed in the near future, many vaccines impossible to develop will become realit y, and novel vaccines, using non - conventional antigens (i.e. non - structural proteins) can be developed.

Keywords

Vaccines, Development Strategies, Reverse Vaccinology, Genome Sequence, Cost - Effective.

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S. Raju ¹, B. Ananda Kumar ¹, K. B. K. Naik ¹, G. Nageswara Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Pin Code:530 003, IN

Abstract

Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with L-histidine and L-glutamic acid was studied in various concentrations (0-60% v/v) of DMSO-water mixtures maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol L^-1 (NaCl) at 303.0 K. Alkalimetric titrations were carried out in different relative concentrations (M: L: X = 1:2.5:2.5, 1:2.5:5.0, 1:5.0:2.5) of metal (M) to histidine (L) to glutamic acid (X) with sodium hydroxide as titrant. Stability constants of ternary complexes were calculated and various models were refined with MINIQUAD75. The trend of the variation in the stability constants with changing dielectric constant of the medium was explained based on the electrostatic interactions of the side chains of the ligands, charge neutralization, chelate effect, stacking interactions and hydrogen bonding. The species detected are MLXH, MLX₂H and MLX₂ for Ni(II) and Cu(II) and MLX₂H and MLX₂ for Co(II). Distribution diagrams with pH at different compositions of DMSO and structures of plausible ternary complexes were also presented.

Keywords

Ternary Complexes, Chemical Speciation, Stability Constants, DMSO, Essential Metals.

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K. V. Sajunath ¹, C. R. Das ¹, S. K. Albert ¹, S. Raju ¹, A. K. Bhaduri ¹

Affiliations
1 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam - 603102, IN

Abstract

Formation of delta-ferrite in the weld metal, during autogenous bead-on-plate welding of 9-12Cr steels, using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process has been studied. The microstructure of 9-12Cr steel base metal consists of tempered lath martensite, where precipitates decorate the boundaries. In single pass bead-on-plate, the area fraction of delta-ferrite was found to be higher at the weld interface as compared to center of the weld metal at all preheat temperatures. Decrease the area fraction of delta-ferrite, with an increase in preheat temperature were observed. Area fraction of delta-ferrite was found to be 7.6 in P91B weld metal at room temperature compared to that of 6.1 at preheat temperature of 250°C, whereas it was 5.7 in AISI 410 weld metal at room temperature and 3.9 at pre heat temperature of 250°C. High cooling rate caused stability of delta ferrite at room temperature as well as preheat condition in the weld metal.

Keywords

Weld Metal, Cooling Rate, Area Fraction of Delta-Ferrite.

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S. T. Leena ¹, S. Raju ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Counselling Psychology, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Sreekariyam, Akkulam Road, Trivandrum, IN
2 Department of Psychology, Kariyavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, IN

Abstract

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of counselling in reducing depression among the elderly who suffer from diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease which affects the health and psychological state of a person. In the present investigation 30 diabetic patients are studied. 15 patients were given counselling as an intervention to manage depression. Another 15 participants were kept as control group not exposing to psychological intervention. The study result shows significant difference in level of depression before and after intervention, between control group and experimental group. The materials used are a personal data schedule, DASS 21, and MMSE. ANCOVA is used for the analysis of data. The study portrays that counselling is effective in managing depression among diabetic patients.

Keywords

Depression, Counselling, Diabetes Mellitus.

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