Informatics Publishing Limited

Abstract

To avoid this, the anesthetist administers few milliliters of anesthesia per hour to the patient. If the anesthetist fails to administer the anesthesia to the patient at the particular time interval, other allied problems may arise.

To overcome such hazardous problems the design of an automatic operation of an anesthesia machine based on a micro-controller is effective. In this system a keypad is provided along with the microcontroller and syringe infusion pump. The anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia in terms of milliliters per hour to administer anesthesia to the patient with the help of keypad.

After receiving the signal from the keypad, the microcontroller controls the signal to the desire level and fed into the stepper motor to drive the infusion pump in proper manner. The anesthesia is administered to the patient according to the stepper motor rotation (the syringe will move forward or backward direction).

This particular paper will be very much useful to physicians to see the current position of anesthesia of the patients. If the level of anesthesia is decreased to lower level (set value), the alarm will be initiated to alert the physician to refill the anesthesia in the Syringe Pump to continue the process.

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Abstract

Thyroid hormone metabolite 3, 5-diiodothyronine (T₂) has been shown to possess physiological actions in vertebrates including fishes. It is, however, not certain if T₂ has a role in cation transport in fish hepatocytes, particularly in a stressed condition. We, therefore, tested the in vitro action of T₂ on the activities of ion transporters such as Na⁺ /K⁺ ATPase, H⁺ / K⁺ ATPase, Na⁺ /NH₄ ⁺ ATPase, vacuolar H⁺ -ATPase, Plasma Membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase (PMCA), mitochondrial Ca²⁺ and mitochondrial H⁺-ATPase as these ATPases are known for their roles in maintaining systemic and cellular cation gradients including proton and potassium gradients. Hepatocyte explants of air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus, Bloch), either in non-stressed or hypoxic condition, were incubated with varied doses of T₂ (10^-9, 10^-8 and 10^-7 M) for 15 min and the specific activities of these cation-dependent ATPases were analyzed. We found that T₂ exposure evoked higher sensitivity to vacuolar and mitochondrial H⁺ -ATPases and H⁺ /K⁺ ATPase and not to PMCA or mitochondrial Ca²⁺ ATPase. The data also indicated that T₂ has a similar sensitivity to vacuolar and mitochondrial H⁺ -ATPases and H⁺ /K⁺ ATPase in the hepatocytes of both non-stressed and hypoxia-stressed fish. The data thus provide evidence for a direct action of T₂ on the regulation of proton and potassium gradients in the hepatocytes of both non-stressed and hypoxicair-breathing fish.

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