Informatics Publishing Limited

Amrit Kaur ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IN

Abstract

A controller is a device that is used to regulate the behavior or response of a process so as to get desired response.PID controllers are used in almost all industries because of its simplicity, clear functionality and broad applicability. However, PID tuning if done manually and using traditional techniques is one of the obstacle for having efficient control. Research is going on in Fractional calculus, fuzzy, neural and other optimization techniques to improve its tuning. This paper presents the comparison of simulink based FOPID and PID controller for three different processes by implementing on 1st order, higher order and inverted pendulum systems. It has been found that the results show the superiority of FOPID controller over PID controller.

Keywords

Classical PID, FOPID, Fuzzy PID, Benchmark systems, FOMCON Toolbox.

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Ashishdeep Kaur ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN

Abstract

FIR filters are known to have many desirable features such as guaranteed stability and linear phase characteristics at all frequencies. Various techniques have been used in the past to design the filter for removing noise and achieving exact frequency response with high stop band attenuation and low stop band and pass band ripples. The paper presents the review of various such optimization techniques that have been used in the past for getting the exact frequency response of FIR filter.

Keywords

Finite Impulse Response, Infinite Impulse Response, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Craziness based Particle Swarm Optimization Technique.

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Ranjit Kaur ¹, Damanpreet Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of Computer Science, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, IN

Abstract

In this paper band pass (BP) and band stop (BS) infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is designed using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.The magnitude response of the IIR filter is approximated using L₁-approximation error criterion. The PSO algorithm is a optimization technique inspired by genetics and natural evolution. The method enhances the search capability and provides a fast convergences for calculating the optimal filter coefficients. The filter designed based on L₁-approximation error possesses flat passbands and stopbands while keeping the transition band comparable to that of the least square design. A comparison has been made with other design techniques, demonstrating that PSO with enhanced diversity and convergence gives better or at least comparable results or designing digital IIR filters than the existing genetic algorithm based methods.

Keywords

Digital IIR Filters, Particle Swarm Optimization, L₁-Approximation Error, Magnitude Response, Stability.

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Amandeep Kaur ¹, Vishu Madaan ¹, Prateek Agrawal ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹, Sanjay Kumar Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144411, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Banking sector faced many problems like credit assessment, credit worthiness, and credit risk etc. Many techniques are used to solve these problems in artificial intelligence. But these problems are not fully resolved in previous years. Methods/Statistical Analysis: One of the most important problems is credit risk as customer defaulter risk. Recent studies have not discussed about defaulter or non-defaulter customer. This research work has discussed about customer’s defaulter risk as well as credit risk. Findings: A fuzzy expert system has been designed which can categorized customer as defaulter and non- defaulter. The defaulter risk is calculated by considering factors as CS (CIBIL Score), LVR (Loan to Value Ratio), AAL (Already Availed Loan), IRF (Income Ratio Factor). Data of customers are collected from Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) branches. Different defuzzification methods are used to verify the result of customers. It also verified by the expert in banking domain. Further it is also tested on the data of other branches of banks. Application/Improvements: The system can be helpful for the bank employees in decision making process. In addition to this the system can be used for training new employee for loan approval tasks.

Keywords

Banking Sector, Credit Risk, Defaulter, Fuzzy Expert System, Intelligent System.

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Mandeep Kaur ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹, Damanpreet Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Processing of signals requires designing and implementation of systems called Filters. Filter design depend on its type, structure and the method to which it comes in practice. This paper discussed the various realization of Digital Finite-Duration Impulse Response (FIR) filters with its graphical representation. The purpose of using the realization and the graphical representation is to find the critical and shortest path using different algorithm. The realization can be done using FDA tool or coding in MATLAB. The graphical representation way is done in form of Data Flow Graph in term of nodes and edges.

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Sangeet Pal Kaur ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹, Damanpreet Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 SLIET, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphical representation of heart's functionality. It is an important tool used for the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities. ECG signals are usually weak and susceptible to external noise and interference. Adaptive filter is a good tool to reduce the influence of ambient noise/interference on the ECG signals. Adaptive filter uses Least mean squares (LMS) algorithm, as one of most popular adaptive algorithms for active noise cancellation (ANC). The goal of the paper is to show the comparison based on signal to noise ratio of different adaptive filter algorithms like LMS, Normalized LMS (NLMS), Normalized Signed Regressor LMS (NSRLMS), Recursive Least Squares (RLS), Normalized Sign-Sign LMS (NSSLMS), used for the analysis of ECG signals with noise. The filter needs two input: the signal (primary input) and an impulse correlated with the deterministic component (reference input). Several signals to noise ratio were considered. The adaptive filters essentially minimize the mean-squared error between a primary input, which is the noisy ECG, and a reference input, which is either noise that is correlated in some way with the noise in the primary input or a signal that is correlated only with ECG in the primary input.

Keywords

ECG Signal, Noise, Adaptive Filtering, LMS, NLMS, RLS, NSSLMS.

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Ranjit Kaur ¹, Damanpreet Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of CSE, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, IN

Abstract

Digital Differentiator (DD) play a very important role to find out and approximate the first, second, or higher-order derivative of a digital signals. In this paper real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) is proposed for the design of finite impulse response (FIR) digital differentiator. The intent of this paper is to apply a real-coded genetic algorithm with arithmetic-average-bound-blend (AABBX) crossover and wavelet mutation operator for the design of digital differentiator. The values of the filter coefficients are optimized with RCGA approach to satisfying prescribed specifications. The proposed method is, not only accurate and robust but also optimal in the least-squares sense.

Keywords

Digital Differentiator (DD), Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter, Least-Squares Error, Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA), McClellan-Parks Algorithm.

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Sandeep Goel ¹, Ranjit Kaur ², Amit Wason ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of CSE, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, IN
3 Ambala College of Engineering & Applied Research, Ambala, IN

Abstract

GMPLS extends MPLS to provide the control for devices in any of following domains: packet, time, wavelength, and fiber. In this way, data from multiple layers are switched over Label Switched Paths (LSPs). The router is equipped with optical-to electrical and electrical-to-optical converters used respectively to terminate and generate optical signals. These interfaces are directly connected to the input and output ports of the optical switch, while the remaining ports accommodate the fibers linking to neighboring nodes. Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) is being developed by the IETF as the industry standard for transport network control planes. In this paper, we tried to analyze the future research in GMPLS networks.

Keywords

MPLS, GMPLS, QOS, Optical Networks, LSP.

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Rashwinder Singh ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹, Navneet Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of Computer Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN

Abstract

Identification of retinal diseases using various techniques is a very important area of ophthalmology. Traditional methods are highly subjective which are based on manual observation and highly prone to error. So, it is very essential to establish an automatic system for screening vision threatening diseases like diabetic retinopathy and others for huge number of people. Now days, image processing has become a very effective tool for the automated detection of abnormalities in retinal images. In this paper, the basic terminology related to automatic detection of various retinal manifestations is discussed. It also describes the steps required for automatic detection as well as the techniques used to implement these steps in recent years.

Keywords

Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, Fundus Images, Exudates, Haemorrhage.

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Ranjit Kaur ¹, Vishu Madaan ¹, Prateek Agrawal ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144411, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Determining the level of strength of patients’ body is essential for an Ayurvedic Physician to provide the appropriate dose of medicines to them. The proposed work is a stepping stone towards a vigilant and proper diagnosis that will surely leads to an efficacious treatment. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A fuzzy logic based expert system is designed to calculate the quality of the seven tissues (Lymph, Blood, Muscle, Fat tissue, Bone, Bone Marrow, Reproductive tissues) and mind of a human body. Based on that quality the overall body strength is computed. All the required parameters are finalized after consulting an Ayurvedic Expert during knowledge acquisition phase. Findings: The accuracy and veracity of the system is evaluated by ranking all results of different defuzzification methods. Data collection is performed by survey method and results were highlighted as false positives and false negatives after verifying from expert. Maximum results depict that the outputs produced by the proposed system matches with those of Ayurvedic Expert. Application/ Improvements: The proposed system will guide the physicians to plan the dose of medicines and treatment for the patients. This fuzzy based system will prove itself as a learning kit for Ayurveda and Vedic practitioner.

Keywords

Defuzzification, Examination of Strength, Fuzzy Expert System, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzification, Inference System.

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Mandeep Kaur ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of ECE, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN

Abstract

The power dissipation is the limiting factor in the digital signal processing. This paper provides the review of the low power techniques such as voltage scaling, positioning of the flip flop, reduce the switching activity along with the transformation techniques such as retiming, pipelining, and folding. Digital filters are the most common block in the signal processing applications. They are represented by data flow graph. Applying the retiming techniques, low power and high speed digital filter can be achieved. Retiming can be done through pipelining and cut set retiming. Low power filters can be achieved with the supply voltage scaling and the high speed can be controlled by minimization of register and clock period.

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K. K. Grewal ¹, G. S. Sandhu ¹, Ranjit Kaur ¹, R. S. Brar ², H. S. Sandhu ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, S.G.N. Khalsa College, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, IN
2 Departments of Veterinary Pathology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, IN
3 Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

In the present investigation, the behavioral, morphological, and histopathological effects of cypermethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was ascertained in male and female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Cypermethrin administered at repeated oral doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg/day for 30 days produced varying degree of mild to moderate toxic symptoms and behavioral changes in both male and female rats. The lower dose produced very mild toxicosis characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased feed intake, and thick eye discharge, whereas higher dose displayed mild to moderate toxicosis with diarrhea, decreased feed intake, loss of body weight, dyspnoea, ataxia, eye discharge, and salivation. Two female and one male albino rats died between 23 to 28 days after displaying signs of incoordination and tremors. Repeated oral doses of cypermethrin for 30 days enhanced the relative weight of liver and heart, but significantly decreased that of brain, kidneys, and testes. Microscopically, cypermethrin produced neuronal degeneration and increase in glial cells in brain, and disorganization of hepatic laminae, increase in sinusoid, and necrosis of hepatocytes in liver. Section of kidney displayed hemorrhage and sloughing off renal epithelial cell in the convoluted tubules, shrinkage of glomeruli, and necrosis of renal tubules. Repeated administration of cypermethrin also produced hemorrhages within myocardium, disruption of branching structure, and loss of striation of cardiac tissue; thickening of alveolar septa in lungs, partial to extensive loss of various stages of spermatogenesis in testes, and loss of follicular cells and oocytes in ovaries. The study suggested that repeated oral exposure of cypermethrin has considerable harmful effects on body organs in R. norvegicus.

Keywords

Albino rats, cypermethrin, histopathology, insecticides, pyrethroids

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