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Dinesh Kumar , Surender Singh Negi , Rajeev Pandey , Ira Pundir , Anita Tomar , Pradeep Kumar

Abstract

A study was undertaken to estimate the structure of variation in cone and seed traits of Pinus roxburghii through three-level nested (hierarchical) classification model. The populations studied constituted a continuous stretch of this species. Between-population variation for the cone and seed characteristics was found to be very small as it ranged from 0 per cent to 26 per cent, depending upon the trait. The remaining 74 per cent or more of the variation in these characters was due to the between-tree within-population and the within-tree components. The study showed that if seed collectors are interested in cones of greater weight or length, they should search for trees possessing such cone or seed characteristics within their own planting region, rather than trying to find specific populations for such characteristics outside their planting region, because much of the variation in these traits is accounted for by differences between trees, rather than between populations. Else, they should search for desired stands in distantly located populations or in populations separated by some geographic barrier.

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Punam Kumari Singh , N. S. K. Harsh , S. N. Khan , Rajeev Pandey

Abstract

A total of nine fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A ochraceus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, F. pallidoroseum, F. solani, Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus stolonifer were recorded from the edible kernels of Buchanania lanzan and Pinus gerardiana . A significant variation in pattern of mycoflora incidence was observed in terms of source and season. Fungal infestation in-both the substrates was highest during monsoon. Aflatoxins were the most common mycotoxins elaborated by different isolates of A. flavus obtained from B. lanzan and P.gerardiana . The amount of aflatoxins produced by the toxigenic isolates of A. flavus was in the range of 0.8-17.5 μg/ml in P.gerardiana and 0.65-13.2 μg/ml in B. lanzan . The percentage toxigenicity was comparatively lower in the isolates of other mycotoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxins were detected almost in all the samples analyzed for mycotoxin contamination.

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Yogesh Rathore ¹, Manish K. Ahirwar ¹, Rajeev Pandey ¹

Affiliations
1 University Institute of Technology, RGPV, Bhopal, M.P., IN

Abstract

Data Compression is the science of representing data in a compact form. For last decades, Data compression has been one of the critical enabling technologies for the ongoing digital data revolution. There are lot of data compression algorithms which are available to compress files of different formats. This paper present survey of several lossless data compression techniques and its corresponding algorithms. A set of selected algorithms are studied and examined. This paper concluded by stating which algorithm performs well for text data.

Keywords

Compression, Encoding, HUFFMAN, HLZ, LZ, LZW, RLE and RLL.

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