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S. Sambath , K. C. Joshi , R. Krishnamurthy

Abstract

Temperature and humidity are the two main factors that influence the rate of survival, oviposition, growth and development and the fecundity of an insect. Experiments were carried out during 1996-97 to determine the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal period of Albizia foliage feeder, Spirama retorta Cram. (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), a devastating pest of forest nurseries and young plantations in Central India. The recorded field temperature during study/survey period was 5 to 45°C and relative humidity 20 to 80% in Central India covering the state of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa. Study of the effect of temperature and humidity revealed that the best suited optimum temperature and relative humidity was between 30-35°C and 60-80% which enhanced the viability of eggs and shortened the egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal duration. Low temperature (5 - 25°C) and humidity (20 - 60%) lessened the viability of eggs and increased the mortality and the duration of various life stages. The maximum mean viability of eggs (99.00 ± 1.00) was recorded at 30°C and 80% where as the shortest egg period was 3- 4 days observed at 35°C and 40-80% relative humidity. The shortest mean period in days was also observed for larval (11.12 ± 0.3750), prepupal (1.62 ± 0.1250) and pupal (9.67 ± 0.2870) between 30 - 35¤C and 60-80%. These finding were correlated with the field temperature and humidity and found that temperature, humidity and species of food plants (quantitative and qualitative) favored this insect to occur in an epidemic condition, in forest nurseries and young plantations during monsoon season.

Keywords

Spirama retorta, Epidemic, Albizia lebbek, A. Procera

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R. Krishnamurthy , Ramesh Babu. M. Anbazhagan , G. Banerjee , K. A. Bhagwat

Abstract

The leaves of Eucalyptus longifolia and Peltaphorum ferrugrntum. Two very commonly found avenue trees in IPCL (Indian Petro Chemical Ltd.) township and Bauizinia lomentoso, a less distributed species were studied to evaluate the injury done by chronic low levels of pollution. All the three species retained less number of leaves per twig. E. longifolia and P. ferrugineun could maintain photosynthetic leaf area and leaf dry matter accumulated per leaf equal to the control. Under pollution stress leaf starch levels Were low but they maintained high levels of sugars. The more prevalent species E. longifolia and P. ferrugineum incorporated only about 30 per cent more sulphur in their leaf system. Whereas B. tomenlasa had 70 per cent incorroration. The incorporated sulphur probably transferred into other sulpher containing compounds like glulathionc and not in aminoacids. Pollution stress brought about a decrease in leaf protein, DNA. Ascorbic acid levels. Eucalyptus accumulates phenols.

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R. Krishnamurthy ¹

Affiliations
1 Central Leather Research Institute, Madras, IN

Abstract

Discusses the developments in micrographics. Identifies the value of micrographics in information storage, retrieval and dissemination. Presents a curriculum for micrographics for specialiesation by the Library and Information Professionals.

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J. Jayakumar ¹, J. Venkatachalam ², R. Krishnamurthy ³, G. R. Sathya ⁴, Zile Singh ², Punitha Kumary ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology and Advance Biotechnology, Govt Arts College, Nandanam, Madras University, Chennai,, IN
2 Dept of Community Medicine, PIMS, Pondicherry, IN
3 Dept. of Dept. of Zoology and Advance Biotechnology, Govt Arts College, Chennai, IN
4 Dept of Physiology, PIMS, Pondicherry, IN
5 Dept of Community Medicine,PIMS,Pondicherry, IN

Abstract

Fifth strain of human malaria is plasmodium knowlesi which is mimicking like plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Malariae. It is fatal disease in human which is common in Southeast Asia. The incubation period for P. knowlesi is about 12 days - the shortest known malaria of all the known malarias that infect humans and primates. P knowlesi has a 24 hour asexual cycle and the clinical features are Headache, fever -quotidian, chills and cold sweats, respiratory distress and it extent to renal failure, liver failure. The disease can be treated using already existing anti-malaria therapy such as mefloquine and chloroquine. Chloroquine is specifically preferred for non-complicated infections. Prevention -Stop deforestation and avoid Jungle travelling. The vector for plasmodium knowlesi is anopheles group of mosquito and the reservoir is long tailed monkeys. In Indian context the vector is present in south and northeast part of India and the reservoir is present in Nicobar Islands. There is possibility of fifth strain of human malariae in India.

Keywords

Plasmodium Knowelsi, Anopheles Leucosphyrus,Long Tailed Macaques

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R. Krishnamurthy ¹, K. Pushpa ²

Affiliations
1 MURTHY, Soil and Water Management, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya (karnataka), IN
2 Soil and Water Management, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya (karnataka), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2014 to study the influence of drip fertigation on nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of aerobic rice at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya. Significantly higher total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was recorded with irrigation @150 per cent CPE + DF 125 per cent RDF (105.77, 42.66 and 92.02 kg ha^-1, respectively), as compared to irrigation @100 per cent CPE + DF 75 per cent RDF (45.9, 16.85 and 26.51 kg ha^-1, respectively). Similarly significantly higher total calcium, magnesium and sulphur uptake was registered with irrigation @150 per cent CPE + DF 125 per cent (62.34, 41.33 and 23.03 kg ha^-1, respectively). Significantly higher total manganese, iron, zinc, copper and boron uptake was registered with irrigation @150 per cent CPE + DF 125 per cent (91.13, 425.06, 124.46, 45.36 and 33.49 g ha^-1, respectively) and further it was followed by irrigation@ 125 per cent CPE + DF 125 per cent RDF (84.93, 397.63, 12.03, 42.6 and 33.49 g ha^-1, respectively) and lowest uptake was noticed with irrigation @100 per cent CPE + DF 75 per cent RDF. Irrigation @150 per cent CPE and 75 per cent RDF through drip fertigation recorded non significantly higher N, P and K use efficiency (58.11, 116.54 and 116.5 kg kg^-1, of NPK, respectively) and further followed by irrigation @125 per cent CPE + DF 75 per cent RDF (48.69, 97.13 and 97.13 kg kg^-1, of NPK, respectively).

Keywords

Drip, Fertigation, Cumulative Pan Evaporation, Soil Moisture.

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R. Krishnamurthy ¹, E. Prabakaran ¹, P. Prabakaran ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Chennai-600 005, IN
2 Chellammal Women's College, Chennai-600 032, IN

Abstract

Lactate dehydrogenase of testis were analyzed in normal healthy male mice. There were five LDH fraction corresponding to LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH4 and LDH5. The activity of these five fracfions were 28%, 32%, 14%, 11% and 15%, respectively. In alloxan induced diabetics mice, there was remarkable change in the testis LDH pattern as well as well as its activity. There was significant increase in the number of fractions to eight. Two new fractions appeared between LDH1 and LDH2 and one fraction appeared between LDH4 and LDH5. The activity of LDH1 increased to 35%, LDH3 to 25% while those of all other fractions decreased.

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V. Geethaguru ¹, K. Srinivasan ², V. M. Periasamy ¹, R. Krishnamurthy ³

Affiliations
1 B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engg. College, Anna University, Chennai, IN
2 College of Engg. Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, IN
3 IIT Madras, Chennai, IN

Abstract

This paper presents the results obtained and deductions made from spherical wear tests involving bronze shells against steel balls of 25 mm diameter. These tests were carried out using a specially developed spherical wear testing machine. (Indian Patent No. 198349/2003). Test runs lasting for 8150 minutes covers both the run-in and the mild wear regimes. The wear was estimated by direct mass loss method and correlated with surface profile measurements by periodic monitoring. The wear coefficient for this spherical interface was also computed. Macrographs of worn out surfaces, the variation in center-line average roughness parameter (Ra) of the shell, details of wear debris and the acoustic emission signals obtained are reported and discussed. In conclusion, this work, presents the wear characteristics of spherical contacts and attempts to standardize wear testing of spherical joints, like the standard pin-on-disc testing for planar interfaces.

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Rajendra M. Nagane ¹, Karishma R. Desai ¹, Indrajitsinh M. Barad ¹, Manish V. Patel ¹, Urjita V. Sheth ², Kathirvelu Baskar ³, Bindi S. Patel ¹, Diwakar K. Shukla ¹, R. Krishnamurthy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
2 C. G.Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat, IN
4 C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

India has a golden resource and well-recorded traditionally practised incomparable awareness of herbal medicine. Not all herbals are considered safe as minimal data is available concerning the safety of Couroupita guianensis to cause mutations. Considering the enormous therapeutic potential and the absence of specific safety data, we planned this research to provide data on the mutagenic potential of Couroupita guianensis. Therefore, the present study was conducted with ethanolic extract of leaves of Couroupita guianensis using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1537, TA1535, TA98, TA100, and TA102 at different concentrations (viz., 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 μg/plate) along with the negative control and respective positive controls. The methodology followed was the standard plate incorporation method as per the internationally approved OECD TG 471 guidelines. The study was performed with and without S9 mix using the plate incorporation method. Results were evaluated after meeting the acceptance criteria for the study. The extracts did not show mutagenicity when compared to the negative control (spontaneous mutation) and respective positive controls. There was no concentration-response increase of revertant colonies in treatments from any strain. This is the first of its kind of research having been conducted following all the internationally set guidelines and evidenced the safety of the plant material. Therefore, it is concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of Couroupita guianensis did not show mutagenic potential in bacterial reverse mutation test with and without S9 mix.

Keywords

Reverse Mutation, Bacteria Strains, Couroupita guianensis.

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Rajendra M. Nagane ¹, Karishma R. Desai ¹, Indrajitsinh M. Barad ¹, Manish V. Patel ¹, Jigarkumar R. Rana ², Urjita V. Sheth ³, R. Krishnamurthy ³, Virangana M. Patel ¹, Kinjal A. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Toxicology (Mutagenicity), Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
2 3Department of Ecotoxicology, Jai Research Foundation, Valvada – 396105, Gujarat., IN
3 C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), Maliba Campus, Bardoli – 394350, Gujarat., IN

Abstract

Medicinal plants are being used since ancient times in different tribes in India for numerous medicinal purposes. The essential facets of plant-based medicines, such as safety, quality, and efficiency, must be evaluated. Couroupita guianensis is a medicinally important plant, being used conventionally for curing varieties of medical ailments. From the safety point of view, limited information exists for the C. guianensis plant. Considering the facts mentioned above, this study evaluates the genotoxic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of C. guianensis, through an in vivo micronucleus test , which was conducted on mice (Strain: Hsd: ICR (CD1)). The main study consisted of three groups (5 male mice per group): vehicle control (corn oil), a treatment group (2000 mg/kg body weight), and positive control (Mitomycin-C, 1.0 mg/kg body weight). The methodology followed was the standard in vivo procedure as per the internationally approved OECD TG 474 guidelines with a two-day dosing schedule separated by 24 hours. Dose-volume used was 10 mL/kg body weight. Mice in each group exhibited normal behavior and were found clinically normal after dosing. Toxicity to bone marrow, as well as any statistically significant rise in the percent micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (% MNPCE), was not detected in mice that were treated with C. guianensis at 2000 mg/kg body weight when compared with the data of concurrent vehicle control. Statistically, a significant rise in the % MNPCE was obtained in mice treated with Mitomycin-C (1.0 mg/kg body weight), which confirmed the test system’s suitability, the procedures, and efficiency of conditions employed in the test. Our study concluded that the plant is not showing any genotoxicity and can be used as a medicine to cure various reported aliments.

Keywords

Couroupita guianensis, Ethanolic Leaf Extract, Genotoxicity, Medicinal Plant, Micronucleus Test

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