Informatics Publishing Limited

Vaibhav D. Aher ¹, Arjun Patra ², Pronobesh Chattopadhyay ², Munesh Mani ²

Affiliations
1 College of Pharmacy, IFTM, Moradabad 244001, U.P, IN
2 College of Pharmacy, IFTM, Moradabad-244001, U.P, IN

Abstract

Swine influenza is caused by those strains of influenza virus that usually infect pigs and are called swine influenza virus (SIV). Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing is also an important means of infection. In pigs influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite and in human include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals. The principal method of treatment is vaccination and proper animal management techniques. The modern pork industry also uses antibiotic, which although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenzaweakened herds. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) in human. Vaccines and antivirals will be crucial to the effort, but tracking and communications technologies could also play a key role in monitoring the virus, distributing accurate health information, and quelling outbreaks. Meanwhile, other Internet tools are helping to track the spread of the virus geographically.

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Richa Chaturvedi ¹, Saumen Banerjee ¹, Bodhaditya Das ¹, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay ², Chira R. Bhattacharjee ¹, Vijay Veer ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar 788 001, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, IN

Abstract

The present study is an evaluation of ground and surface water quality at Balipara, North Brahmaputra river basin, Sonitpur district, Assam, India using multivariate statistical methods. The results show high concentration of Fe, Mn, Pb and Cr in groundwater. Arsenic was observed in both ground and surface water. In the surface water, nitrate content was also found to be high. Ward's method was used for hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. A close relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was established by the smallest proximity distance between these parameters. Group 1 comprised of TDS, EC, total alkalinity (TA), F, Ca, Pb, Cr and Cl based on proximity distances. Group 2 consisted of Fe, Mn, As and Group 3 of TH, Mg, pH, Zn, SO₄ and NO₃ in groundwater. In surface water, Group 1 comprised of TDS, EC, SO4, NO3, Cl, Zn, pH and Ca. Group 2 accounted for Mg and F and Group 3 for Fe, Mn, TA, Pb, As and Cr. The interrelationships between the contaminants depicted by cluster analysis, categorize the contamination levels. Factor analyses were applied for understanding the interrelationships between the variables and for identifying probable source components. Six factors justifying 83.64% of the total variance in groundwater and five factors describing 81.92% of the total variance in surface water were found responsible for variation in the data structure. The relative contribution of all the water- quality parameters was best explained by discriminant analysis.

Keywords

Contaminants, Groundwater and Surface Water, Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Water Quality Parameters.

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Pronobesh Chattopadhyay , Aadesh Upadhyay , Amit Agnihotri , Sanjeev Karmakar , Danswerang Ghoyary , Vijay Veer

Abstract

Mycotoxins are fungal toxin and contaminated to human through food‑stuffs. Hematological abnormality, mainly thrombocytopenia and leukopenia are induced after consumption of mycotoxin. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the hematotoxicity of trichothecenes mycotoxins in Sprague‑Dawley rats. Hematological parameters viz. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, plateletcrit and platelet distribution width were determined at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection of 0.5 ml of T‑2, Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, zearalenone, neosolaniol, ochratoxin‑B mycotoxin equivalent to 1 × 10−3 μg/μl to Sprague‑Dawley rats. Experiments showed that trichothecenes toxin produces severe hematological alternation. The reductions of RBC and WBC were observed in all Fusarium mycotoxins treated group. T‑2 toxin group shows severe toxicity as compared to other mycotoxin treated group. DON is the least hematotoxicity and T‑2 the most.

Keywords

Hematotoxicity, mycotoxins, Sprague-Dawley rats

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