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S. Narayanamoorthy ¹, P. Shanmugam ², K. Maheswari ³, S. Kalaiselvan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Applied Mathematics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, IN
2 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, IN
3 Department of Social Work, Bharathidasan University Constituent College, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

In this research paper, the authors attempt to find out the problems faced by the turmeric cultivators at the time of marketing in Tamil Nadu using Induced Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (IFCM’s) Technique.

Keywords

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Induced FCMs, Turmeric Cultivators, Dynamical System.

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P. Shanmugam ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore -641046, IN

Abstract

This paper intends to analyse the migration of a single community namely the Badagas of the Nilgiris for various reasons. Earlier only a few Badagar were migrated to get employment and transfer/promotion in their jobs. Though the Badagas were stated many reasons, the ischolar_main cause was the fall in the price of tea during the late 1990s. Since then these Badagas were slowly spread to the neighbouring districts viz., Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode. Coimbatore is the adjoining district where they could get easy access for all their needs and also to contact their relations in the native. In this context, this paper tries to focus on the reasons for migration and also to analyse the determinants of migration among the Badagas by selecting two villages in north Coimbatore.

Keywords

Migration, Badagas, Determinants of Migration.

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J. Vigneshwaran ¹, P. Shanmugam ¹, E. A. Gokul ¹

Affiliations
1 Ocean Optics and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN

Abstract

Successful interpretation of spectral images from hyperspectral sensors is particularly important to achieve some far-reaching goals, including the detection and assessment of harmful algal blooms, water quality characteristics, trophic status of water bodies and marine/freshwater primary production. The present work is motivated by the desire to study the effect of inelastic scattering (chlorophyll and gelbstoff fluorescence and water Raman scattering) on upwelling radiance through a direct method. The contribution of inelastic scattering to the emergent (upwelling) radiance from the water column is of significant importance and has relevance for the hyperspectral remote sensing of water colour. The method introduced to simulate inelastic scattering is a straightforward approach and differs from previous work in the way of derivation. The model allows for simulation of upwelling radiance for clear, turbid and productive (phytoplankton-dominated) waters. The results of this model are assessed by comparison with depthdependant upwelling radiance data and results from the Hydrolight numerical model for these three water types. The comparisons show good agreement between measured and simulated values from the present model. The errors of this model are significantly small (when compared with those of the Hydrolight model) in the red wavelength region, where the chlorophyll fluorescence emission tends to peak around 685- 720 nm when the concentration of chlorophyll is high in productive eutrophic waters. The magnitude and peak position at these wavelengths as produced by the present model could be used as precise indicators and predictors for the phytoplankton concentration in marine and inland water bodies. Thus, this work will have important implications in refining hyperspectral bio-optical algorithms for fluorescence and water Raman scattering as well as for the high concentrations and variabilities of water constituents in coastal and inland regions, and in evaluating remote sensing reflectance measurements of these water bodies.

Keywords

Inelastic Scattering, Phytoplankton CDOM Fluorescence, Raman Scattering, Turbid and Productive Waters.

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P. Shanmugam ¹, F. M. Shabnaz ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Many Muslim countries including Pakistan tried to promote the literacy level of their people. Post independent India has been implementing various schemes to promote the literacy level in the country, but still the dropout persists. Particularly among the Muslim children it is increasing by an alarming rate due to their social and cultural phenomenon. With this background a study is undertaken among the Muslim children living in the Nilgiris district to find out their socio-demographic characteristics and analyse the causes for their dropout.

Keywords

Dropout, Education, Muslim Children, School Children.

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P. Shanmugam ¹, M. Nimisha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Education of all children in public schools, together with those with disabilities, continues to be an unanswered issue in many countries around the globe. While education of all students is mandated by law and well thought-out a basic human right in many countries, the current status of execution varies. India, for example, is a prehistoric country that adopted moderately a lot of laws and policies for its citizens with disabilities after the independence from British rule. Today, India legitimately requires the education of all students in schools; however, despite this, millions of students with disabilities prolong to stay behind out of school or be given little or no education. In this context, this paper intends to analyze the status and infrastructure of special schools in Kerala and the factors determining the enrollment of disabled students in these schools.

Keywords

Disabled Students, Education, Infrastructure, Special Schools.

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P. Shanmugam ¹, N. Arivazhagan ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

India is primarily based on agriculture in which more than half of its population is dependent for their livelihood. Even though the share of agriculture in GDP is decreasing due to industrialization, its development is inevitable. The most important issue that hurdles the development of agriculture is finance. Among the various sources of raising finance for agriculture, institutional finance plays an important role. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze the role of co-operative societies in promoting agricultural development in Sathyamangalam block of Erode District. The land holding pattern, details of loan amount availed, cropping pattern, awareness towards lending pattern of co-operative societies and the major determinants of amount of loan availed are also examined.

Keywords

Agricultural Finance, Co-operatives, Cropping Pattern, Lending Pattern.

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P. Shanmugam ¹, V. Gopala Krishnan ², I. Haripriya ³

Affiliations
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 II M.A.,Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

India is a country with varied heritage and culture. Due to advancement in socio-economic structure, standard of living, life style and technology, the tribes had an overall change in all the aspects. The traditional occupation of the tribes being hunting had seen a drastic change due to the introduction of forest policies and the restriction towards hunting. The shift in occupation of tribes is based on their locations and other available opportunities. In this aspect, the present research probes to analyse the major determinants of changes in occupation of the tribes living in Attappady region of Kerala state. Purposive Random Sampling method has been adopted to select the sample respondents. The data have been collected from 67 respondents and analysed with multiple regression analysis. The result showed that gender, education and total debt of the family have significant impact on occupational diversification leading to transformation in the livelihood pattern of the select respondents in the study area.

Keywords

Livelihood, Occupational Diversification, Socio-economic Condition and Tribal People.

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