Informatics Publishing Limited

K. S. Mohan , B. N. Gangadhar , N. Pradhan , S. M. Channabasavanna

Abstract

The Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome (MNS) a rare, under diagnosed, but amenable to restitutive measures if recognised early, is here described with a description of six cases which recovered (over a period of three years) once they were recognised early and treated immediately. The cases emphasised the need for early recognition even before the full blown out picture is seen and for immediate treatment once recognized which can avert mortality.

Keywords

Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome Rigidity Holoperidol Hyperpyrexia Stupor

Full Text

   

Chittaranjan Andrade , B. N. Gangadhar , S. M. Channabasavanna , N. Pradhan

Abstract

In a double-blind, prospective study, we compared the rate of recovery of endogenous depression to sinusoidal wave (SW) and brief-pulse (BP) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in an attempt to identify treatment variables that hasten recovery - an important clinical consideration. Twenty nine endogenous depressives, randomized into SW and BP ECT groups, were treated with alternate-day, bilateral, modified SW or BP ECT. At the conclusion of the study, we found that while the percentage of ECT responders was significantly greater with SW than with BP ECT, the rate of recovery was similar in the 2 groups; the findings are briefly discussed.

Keywords

Electroconvulsive Therapy, Sinusoidal Wave ECT, Brief-pulse ECT, Endogeneous Depression, Recovery Rate

Full Text

   

Chittaranjan Andrade , B. N. Gangadhar , S. M. Channabasavanna , N. Pradhan

Abstract

While clinical predictors of outcome with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been described for unselected depressives, little information is available on their applicability to endogeneous ("good prognosis") depression - a major indication for ECT today. To appraise the relevance of clinical variables in such a context, in a double-blind, prospective trial 32 endogeneous depressives (RDC) were treated with ECT. Of the 29 patients completing the study, 22 (75.9%) were deemed to have responded to treatment. The clinical variables of age, sex, polarity, affective episode number and duration, initial severity of depression, and qualitative as well as quantitative profiles on certain diagnostic and prognostic indices were compared between ECT responders and non-responders. Only past history of mania and responder status on the Newcastle Prognostic Index were significantly associated with good outcome, while there was a trend for lesser initial severity of depression to be so associated. The application of these findings to treatment options in endogeneous depression is discussed.

Keywords

Electroconvulsive Therapy, Endogeneous Depression, Prediction of Response, Clinical Factors

Full Text

   

Chittaranjan Andrade , S. Arunasmitha , N. Pradhan

Abstract

Dopaminergic agonists have sporadically been reported to produce paradoxical sensitization of dopamine (DA) receptors; the phenomenon has however been poorly studied. We demonstrate in this report that the administration of a single (high) dose of apomorphine augments DA post-synaptic receptor-mediated locomotor response in the Sprague-Dawley rat at a time span of as long as week after the original injection. The theoretical and experimental implications of these findings are discussed.

Keywords

Apomorphine, Dopamine Post-synaptic Receptors, Paradoxical Sensitization of Receptors, Locomotor Response, Sprague-dawley Rats

Full Text

   

N. Pradhan

Abstract

In the context of advances in our knowledge of cellular and molecular neurobiology, the therapeutics of psychiatric disorders demands a new orientation. It is surprising that despite considerable advances in neurobiology, our comprehension of neural basis of behaviour, and hence abnormal states of mind encountered in clinical psychiatry practice, remains rudimentary. The current pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders are vastly empirical in nature. The neurobiological strategy to understand behavioural problems or deducing the etiology of psychiatric illnesses from the specificity of drug action is as misleading as deducing the etiology of enteric fever from the action of antipyretic drugs. The current successes of broad spectrum drugs in the management of intractable disorders like schizophrenia, has freshened the debate on the role of multiple-interacting neurochemical systems underlying the behavioural dysfunctions. Against this background, this review paper aims to generate a new perspective for psychopharmacology research. The prototype psychiatric disorders and pharmacological agents used in their treatment are discussed. Some of the newer drugs in experimental stages are also included in this topic. This new orientation marks the end of one generation of view that advocated neurochemical specificity of drug action in the treatment of psychiatric illness. This may also herald the beginning of the emergence of a comprehensive, global and holistic view of brain, behaviour and mental illness from the pharmacological view point. The conjectures and hypotheses in this review may form the basis for future development of new therapeutic methods for psychiatric syndromes.

Keywords

Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Mood Stabilizers, Anxiolytics, Neuroreceptors

Full Text

   

P. S. Anupama , S. C. Prasanna Kumar , B. G. Sudharshan , N. Pradhan

Abstract

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful diagnostic technique. However, the incorporated noise during image acquisition degrades the human interpretation, or computer-aided analysis of the images. Time averaging of image sequences aimed at improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) would result in additional acquisition time and reduce the temporal resolution. Therefore, denoising should be performed to improve the image quality for more accurate diagnosis.This project implements different approaches of wavelet based image denoising methods. The wavelet transform is a simple and elegant tool that can be used for many digital signal processing applications. It overcomes some of the limitations of the Fourier transform with its ability to represent a function simultaneously in the frequency and time domains using a single prototype function (or wavelet) and its scales and shifts. In this project, some emerging wavelet domain Denoising methods such as soft and hard thresholding, bayeshrink, visushrink and SUREshrink are considered. The basic idea behind this thesis is the estimation of the uncorrupted image from the distorted or noisy image, and is referred to as image "denoising".

Keywords

Image Denoising, Soft and Hard, Thresholding, Bayeshrink, Visushrink, Sureshrink

Full Text

   

J. K. Priyanka , B. G. Sudarshan , S. C. Prasanna Kumar , N. Pradhan

Abstract

Retinex is a method used for image processing. Image processing has a great role in Medical science. Medical images such as MRI, CT, Ultrasound, X-Ray has to be processed for proper diagnosis. Retinex technique can be used for the processing of these images. By retinex processing it can provide better dynamic range compression, color consistency and lightness rendition. The different methods proposed by retinex algorithm includes Light Compensation Algorithm in Color Facial Image, Retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes, Color Image Contrast Enhancement by Retinex, Color Image Enhancement with Adaptive Filter. In this paper we discuss about an algorithm for frequency domain based high resolution retinex for medical image processing. Initially we introduce Fast Fourier Transform to the image. Then Gaussian filtering is done and the inverse fourier transform is taken. Next step is to apply logarithmic function. Finally gain/offset is applied to obtain the enhanced output image. The method can produce good contrast enhancement. It can be used for both color image and gray image. Since it can process gray images the medical images can be processed successfully. The output for Single Scale Retinex, Multi Scale Retinex and Multi Scale Retinex with Color Restoration are obtained.

Keywords

Retinex, Dynamic Range Compression, Colorconsistency, Gaussian Filtering, Multi-scale Retinex, Multi Scale Retinex with Color Restoration, Single-scale Retinex

Full Text

   

P. S. Anupama , S. C. Prasanna Kumar , B. G. Sudharshan , N. Pradhan

Abstract

Removing noise from the original signal is still a challenging problem for researchers. In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnose. Arbitration between the perpetuation of useful diagnostic information and noise suppression must be treasured in medical images. In general we rely on the intervention of a proficient to control the quality of processed images. In certain cases, for instance in Ultrasound images, the noise can restrain information which is valuable for the general practitioner, Consequently medical images are very inconsistent, and it is crucial to operate case to case, The wavelet transform is a simple and elegant tool that can be used for many digital image processing applications. It overcomes some of the limitations of the fourier transform with its ability to represent a function simultaneously in the frequency and time domains using a single prototype function (or wavelet) and its scales and shifts. There have been several published algorithms and each approach has its assumptions, advantages, and limitations. This paper presents a review of some significant work in the area of image denoising.

Keywords

Image Denoising, Digital Linage Processing, Ultrasound Imaging, Wavelet
Transform, Fourier Transform

Full Text