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Sharma, Mohit
- Burden of Disease Trends in India in 21st Century
Authors
1 Department of Community Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, IN
2 Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 5, No 3 (2014), Pagination: 312-318Abstract
India has successes in reductions of certain communicable diseases, much more remains to be achieved for non-communicable diseases.
Communicable Diseases: The eradication of Smallpox and Guinea worm came about. Plague and vaccine preventable illnesses brought under much control. In 1988 WHO passed resolution for the eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Leprosy in 1981 was nearly 25% of the world total. Multi-drug therapy reduced prevalence from 57.6 per 10,000 in 1981 to 5.0 per 10,000 in 1995. Tuberculosis: In 1955-1958 nearly 1.5% of the population suffered from radiologically active pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 25% were sputum positive. The HIV-TB co-infection, increased its incidence. Malaria: In 1953 malaria incidence was 75 million cases and 0.8 million deaths annually. It fell down to 0.05 million cases in 1961. Its resurgence in 1977 had nearly 47 million new cases (particularly of Plasmodium falciparam). This was further reduced to 2.5 million cases in 1984. Acute diarrhoeal diseases: It had been a major problem in the past, continued to remain so by the end of 20th century. Each year children below 5 years suffer from 2-3 episodes of diarrhoea and 0.7 million died from it.
Non-Communicable Diseases: Prevalence of coronary heart diseases and hypertension in 1990 was higher in urban populations. Cancer: In India in 1992 the increase of cancers in big cities was 80/ 100,000 people as compared to 289/100,000 in developed countries. Diabetes mellitus: The prevalence rate of diabetes in urban population of four major regions of India has increased from 0.9 - 3.8% in 1978 to 9.5 - 13.5% in 2001. It was observed higher in urban populations. Accidents and injuries in 1999 were on increase and appeared to emerge as the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the age group of 15 to 34 years. Mental Disorders: In 1911, Overbeck and Wright estimated the prevalence to be 26-28/1000 for the Indian population. Subsequent studies observed it to be 2 to 8% with higher rates in the urban areas. Suicides: There were 89,000 suicides in 1995 in India, increasing to 96,000 in 1997 and 104,000 in 1998.
Aim and objective: To study the BOD trends in India in the beginning of 21st Century. Material and methods: It was a retrospective study. Data regarding the burden of major diseases in India in the beginning of 21st century and around it were collected, examined, analyzed and the valid conclusions were drawn.
Findings : Communicable diseases: Morbidity trend: Eight major communicable diseases reporting around one lakh or more cases annually from the year 2001 to the year 2012 have shown a rising trend. Mortality trend: Thirteen communicable diseases reporting annually, around 100 or more deaths from 2001 to 2011 have shown a trend of rise. During the intervening period fluctuations have been observed for the various diseases.
Non-communicable diseases: Morbidity due to non-communicable diseases accounts for the second largest share of the disease burden in India after communicable diseases. The major non-communicable diseases like hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, mental disorders and suicides have shown a sharp rising trend from the year 2001 to 2011. Blindness is expected to remain more or less the same during the next two decades.
Conclusion: There is the trend of a "protracted" double burden of infectious and chronic diseases in 21st century. Health care delivery system should be reorganized, to reduce BOD both for the communicable and non-communicable diseases. Future research is needed for a deep ischolar_main level understanding of the epidemiological, socio-economic, genetic, and environmental factors for bringing the control. Effective measures to reduce the BOD may be taken from the primary health care setting level to higher levels.
Keywords
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- Pharma-Economical World of Herbal Antitussive-An Overview
Authors
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vinayaka College of Pharmacy, Kullu (H.P.), IN
2 Department of Economics, Govt. College, Dharampur, Mandi (H.P.), IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daksh College of Pharmacy, Chhatarpur (M.P.), IN
Source
Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 2, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 48-51Abstract
In the present review paper, 35 herbal plants used as Antitussive are being reviewed. Along with this the worldwide distribution of the manufacturers, suppliers and traders of herbal Antitussive are being brought to light. These herbal plants are being distributed all over the world based upon their habitat. The results obtained through this review are shocking as China is heading with 88% of the total world market.Keywords
Antitussive, Herbal Plants, Worldwide Trade, China.- Analysis Of UK’s Retail Industry via Online Editorial Media
Authors
1 IABM, SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan, IN
Source
Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol 8, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 81-91Abstract
The study aimed at understanding the retail industry of UK, its latest trends and performance of different retail sections namely high street retail, supermarkets and online retail. Online editorial media was used to collect data using relevant keywords through data crawlers and Google search for retail studies. It was found that Britain's high street has faced several problems in past few months like high vacancy rates, parking problems, high rents, and an impact of recession which called for protection of high street as it was considered as a symbol of Britain's great culture. Customers shopping trend had been changing towards high street and shopping malls and they were inclined towards online shopping due to convenience and time savings. Consumers also believed that shopping out of town lead to long driving time, extra purchases and waste of fuel. Same can also be stated with recent decrease in share of supermarket giants like Tesco&Sainsbury. Vigorous price war was initiated between supermarkets, high street shops and online retail shops. Centre vacancy rate of high street shops was 10.3% in October and in July's rate was 10.1%. Footfall on high streets also fell by 1.4% with a rise of 1.9% for out-of-town shopping centres. Due to convenience in shopping, availability of wide variety and time savings, online retail registered a growth of 15.8% in year 2014 as compared to 2013. Mobile shopping and tablet shopping created a revolution in retail industry and increased the percentage of purchases made by several folds. Keeping this in view present study was an attempt to analyse various factors causing a decline in share of high street and supermarkets and an increased interest in online retail.Keywords
High Street, UK Retail, Shopping Malls, Supermarket, Online Retail, Online Shopping.Full Text
- Improvement in Soft Tissue Profile & Upper Airway Dimensions Following Forsus FRD – A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors
1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, AFMC, Dental Unit, Pune - 411010, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, ADC (R&R), Delhi – 110010, Delhi, IN
Source
Journal of Pierre Fauchard Academy (India Section), Vol 35, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 43-48Abstract
Aim: To assess improvement of soft tissue profile and upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class II adolescent patients treated with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD). Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was planned with a sample size of 15 subjects (5 male & 10 female) diagnosed with mandibular hypoplasia as a cause of Class II malocclusion, requiring fixed functional therapy, with the inclusion criteria of age of 16-25 yrs with the ANB value range of 4°+2° with a non-extraction treatment plan. Pre-functional records were recorded once the leveling and alignment phase was complete and Forsus FRD attachments were placed. Treatment continued till the desired objectives were achieved. Post functional records were made at the end of functional therapy, after removal of Forsus FRD. Along with soft tissue analysis on lateral cephalogram, Acoustic Pharyngometry (AP) was recorded for each patient (Eccovision®” (sleep group solutions Florida, US) for airway changes before and after Forsus FRD. Results: Post functional treatment indicated statistically significant changes in nasolabial angle, upper lip position, upper lip strain, H angle and mento-labial sulcus. On evaluation of upper airway dimensions of the subjects by pharyngometry , there were statistically significant changes in mean upper airway volume and area. Conclusion: Study concluded that Forsus FRD is an effective method for correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion among adolescent patients, enhancing marked improvement in soft tissue profile of the patients, along with significant increase in volume and area of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal spaces, thus improving the upper airway patency.Keywords
Acoustic Pharyngometry, Forsus FRD, Soft Tissue Profile, Upper Airway.References
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