Informatics Publishing Limited

Rabani Adamou ¹, Paul W. Savadogo ², Alassane Abdoulaye ³, Alice Nare ², Maimouna Soumaila ³, Idrissa Moussa ³, Michel P. Sedogo ², Khalid Ikhiri ³

Affiliations
1 Departement of Chemistry, Abdou Moumouni University, BP10662, Niamey, NE
2 National institute of environment and agriculture research, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso, BF
3 Departement of Chemistry, Abdou Moumouni University, BP10662, Niamey, NE

Abstract

According to pyrethroids high toxicity for aquatic animals and non-target insects, their extensive use in sub-Saharan Africa to control malaria is of concern. Deltamethrin biodegradation investigation have shown that this pyrethroid is more degraded in soudano-sahelian and semi-arid zones with annual rainfall extending from 800 - 300 mm compared to arid zone (0 mm). In local sandy and clay soils amended with 40 mg insecticide kg-1 dry weight soil, the observed biodegradation rates after three months varied respectively from 59 to 84% and 53 to 78% according to rainfall. The microbial activity is relatively inhibited in clay soil where the insecticide is firmly adsorbed to organic matters and sediments. The observed microbial activity depends also to the soil insecticide rate. Indeed, in Sahel sandy soil zone, deltamethrin was degraded after three months at 59, 73 and > 80% for respectively 40, 20 and 10 mg/kg amended soil. At high concentration, deltamethrin inhibits the microbial activity but a preliminary one week soil incubation before insecticide application increased the biodegradation rate. It reached 98 and 92% respectively in amended 40 mg/kg sandy and clay soils. Hence, deltamethrin treatment during the rainy season will present less environmental risks.

Keywords

Deltamethrin Persistence, Biodegradation, Soil, Malarious Zones.

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Rabani Adamou ¹, Alassane Abdoulaye ¹, Maimouna Soumaila ¹

Affiliations
1 Département de Chimie, Université Abdou Moumouni, BP 10662, Niamey, NE

Abstract

Paracetamol is a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug. The infiltration of counterfeit drugs into the West African medicines market is of concern. The present study aimed to investigate the quality of eight (8) most used paracetamol drugs. A cost effective and reproducible spectrophotometric method was first developed. The absorbance signal was measured at 245 nm (absorption maximum) in the used medium (water-ethanol; v:v, 20:1). A Linear calibration curve (r²=0.999) allowing paracetamol active ingredient analysis in pharmaceuticals was established with a large linear dynamic range (LDR) between 2 - 40 μg/mL and a relatively low limit of detection (LOD = 0.65 μg/mL). In eight (8) commercial formulations obtained from licensed (4) and illicit (4) markets, five (5) have substandard concentrations and one (1) is a fake drug. All the formulations obtained from illicit market are of bad quality: three of them have substandard concentrations and the fourth one is a fake. The presence of two (2) substandard drugs among the four (4) samples obtained from formal pharmacies open the debate on the infiltration of the licensed medicines trade by the illicit market products. This is particularly worrying in West African countries devoid of efficacy drug regulatory system and where medicines quality control mechanism is weak.

Keywords

Paracetamol, Analysis, Counterfeit Drugs, Niger, West Africa.

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