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Veenakumari, K.

• Insect Consumers of Plants Native to the Forests of the Andaman Islands (Indian Ocean : Bay of Bengal)

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Authors

K. Veenakumari , Prashanth Mohanraj , P. V. Sreekumar

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 133, No 8 (2007), Pagination: 1109-1116

Abstract

The Andaman Islands are home to some of the least disturbed forests in India although they have been selectively logged for timber since the mid-1800s. Studies on the natural history of the islands also began since then. Very few studies were however conducted on the insect herbivores of the native forest vegetation of the islands. This study details 60 species of forest insects from these islands. The host plants of these species are being detailed for the first time from these islands.

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• Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) - a Nursery Pest of Terminalia bialata Steud.

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Authors

Prashanth Mohanraj , K. Veenakumari

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 125, No 7 (1999), Pagination: 737-738

Abstract

No abstract

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• Characterization and Evaluation of Two Indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner

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Authors

R. Rangeshwaran ¹, K. Veenakumari ¹, Pritam Karmakar ¹, K. Ashwitha ¹, G. Sivakumar ¹, Satendar Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 286-293

Abstract

Two isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from dead lepidopteran larvae from a tea garden in Jorhat, Assam and one isolated from soil sample from Rajasthan, obtained in a nationwide screening program showed bipyramidal crystal morphology. These two isolates named as NBAII-BTAS and NBAII-BTG4 were characterized by their high level of toxicity against diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella). The PCR amplification of these two isolates revealed the expected size of the PCR product for cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1E, cry1G, cry1I, and cry2 of 390 bps, 1111bps, 238 bps, 540 bps, 300 bps, 468 bps, and 1170 bps respectively. Purified cry proteins from each of these two cultures were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis, where, two distinct bands of 130–140 Kda and 65 Kda corresponding to cry1 and cry2 proteins were observed. Toxicity studies was carried out using trypsin activated purified proteins against Helicoverpa armigera, where NBAII-BTG4 derived crystal proteins displayed more toxicity (0.93µg\ml) than NBAII-BTAS.

Keywords

Cry Genes, PCR, Specific Cry Primers, Bipyramidal, Toxicity.

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References

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• Cerón, J. L., Covarrubias, R., Quintero, A., Ortiz, M., Ortiz, E. Aranda and Bravo, A. 1994. PCR analysis of the cry I insecticidal crystal family genes from Bacillus thuringiensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60: 353–356.
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• Konecka, E., Kaznowski, A., Zeimnicka, J., Zeminicki, K. and Paetz, H. 2007. Analysis of cry gene profiles in Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated during epizootics in Cydia pomonella L., Current Microbiology, 55: 217–222.
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• Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Mariatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., N. Y., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 659p.
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• Thammasittirong, A. and Attathom, T. 2008. PCR-based method for the detection of cry genes inlocal isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Thailand. Journal Invertebrate Pathology, 98: 121–126.
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• Odontacolus markadicus Sp. Nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae) - An Addition to the Platygastrid Fauna of India

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Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, Mohanraj Prashanth ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Box No. 2491, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 3 (2011), Pagination: 188-192

Abstract

Odontacolus markadicus sp. nov. is described from Karnataka, Southern India. Eight species of Odontacolus are known from the world. This is the first time that a species of Odontacolus is being described from the Indian subcontinent. A key to the species of Odontacolus is provided.

Keywords

Odontacolus markadicus Sp. Nov, Indian Subcontinent, Platygastridae, Hymenoptera.

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References

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• Miko, I., Vilhelmsen, L., Johnson, N. F., Masner, L. and Penzes, Z. 2007. Skeletomusculature of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): head and mesosoma. Zootaxa, 1571: 1–78.
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• Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using its Nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) Formulations Applied by Different Methods on Tomato

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Authors

A. Mehrvar ¹, R. J. Rabindra ², K. Veenakumari ², G. B. Narabenchi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Protection, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, IR
2 Biological Control (ICAR), Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 Biocontrol Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 23, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 145-149

Abstract

Efficacy of some adjuvants against Helicoverpa armigera on tomato when applied with NPV formulations and sprayed by two different equipments (controlled droplet applicator and backpack hydraulic sprayer) was evaluated. Results showed that H. armigera populations could be effectively controlled by the virus on tomato. The data on larval population, fruit damage, and yield indicated that adjuvants could enhance significantly the efficacy of the virus preparations and there was no significant difference between application methods.

Keywords

Adjuvants, Field Efficacy, Helicoverpa armigera, Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Sprayer and Tomato.

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References

• Dhandapani, N., Sundara Babu, P.C., Jayaraj, S. and Rabindra, R.J. 1993. Field efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Heliothis armigera (Hbn.) and Spodoptera litura (Fb.) on different host crops. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 70: 320-324.
• Gopalakrishnan, C. and Asokan, R. 1998. On-farm trials of HaNPV against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato, pp. 215- 217. In: Advances in IPM for horticultural ecosystems, In: Proceedings of National Symposium on Pest Management Horticultural Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India.
• Mohan, K.S., Asokan, R. and Gopalakrishnan, C. 1996. Isolation and field application of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus for the control of the fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on tomato. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 2: 1-8.
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• Muthuswami, M., Rabindra, R.J. and Jayaraj, S. 1994. Evaluation of certain adjuvants as phagostimulants and UV protectants of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.). Journal of Biological Control, 8: 27-33.
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• Effect of Vegetable Oils on the Yield of Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Helicoverpa armigera (HearNPV)

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Authors

A. Mehrvar ¹, R. J. Rabindra ², K. Veenakumari ², G. B. Narabenchi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Protection, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 5518183111, IR
2 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 Biocontrol Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 23, No 3 (2009), Pagination: 295-300

Abstract

Effect of dietary incorporation of three vegetable oils, viz., sunflower, soybean and coconut, on the yield productivity of seven geographic isolates of nucleopolyhedrovirus of Helicoverpa armigera at 1965.78 OB/mm² was evaluated to select the most efficient vegetable oil and the highly promising virus isolate(s). Among the seven isolates, Coimbatore isolate recorded the highest yield of 6.895 x 10⁹ OB/larva, followed by Negamum, Ooty, Parbhani, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Rahuri, when the larvae were fed with virus inoculated standard diet without vegetable oils. Among the different oils tested, sunflower oil enhanced the larval mortality (92.03-94.07% for different isolates tested). However, the yield of virus per larva was significantly increased when both sunflower oil and soybean oil were used as additives along with standard diet. The productivity ratio was also highest when both sunflower oil and soybean oil were used as additives in all the isolates tested. So it can be concluded that sunflower oil can be used as a dietary adjuvant in HearNPV production systems.

Keywords

Helicoverpa armigera, Mass Production, Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Vegetable Oils.

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References

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• A New Species of Trimorus (Neotrimorus) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from Andaman Islands, India

Abstract Views :251  |  PDF Views:112

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, K. Rajmohana ², Prashanth Mohanraj ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, P.B. No. 2491, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, IN
2 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghats Regional Centre, Calicut, Kerala 673 006, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 4 (2013), Pagination: 243–246

Abstract

Trimorus (Neotrimorus) ferrari sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is described along with images from the Andaman islands. This is the third species described in this subgenus from India. All species in this genus are known to be parasitoids of eggs of carabid beetles. A key to subgenera of Trimorus and a key to species of Neotrimorus are provided.

Keywords

Trimorus, Neotrimorus, Andaman Islands, India.

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References

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• Johnson NF. 2013. http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/ hymDB/eol_scelionidae.home accessed on 18.11.2013.
• Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomol Soc Can. 97: 1–87.
• Masner L. 1979. Pleural morphology in scelionid wasps (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) – An aid to higher classification. Can Entomol. 111: 1079–1087.
• Masner L. 1980. Key to genera of Scelionidae of the Holarctic region, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomol Soc Can. 113: 1–54.
• Miko I, Masner L, Deans AR. 2010. World revision of Xenomerus Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea, Platygastridae). Zootaxa 2708: 1–73.
• Miko I, Vilhelmsen L, Johnson NF, Masner L, Penzes Z. 2007. Skeletomusculature of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): head and mesosoma. Zootaxa 1571: 1–78.
• Rajmohana K, Narendran TC. 1997. A remarkable new subgenus Neotrimorus of Trimorus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India. J Adv Zool. 18: 32–37.
• Veenakumari K, Rajmohana K, Manickavasagam S, Mohanraj P. 2011. On a new genus of Teleasinae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from India. Biosystematica. 5: 39–46.

• Additions to the Natural Enemy Complex of the Red Hairy Caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Abstract Views :187  |  PDF Views:118

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, S. Ramani ¹, R. J. Rabindra ¹

Affiliations
1 Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 22, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 203-204

Abstract

Three species of Tachinidae, namely, Blepharipa zebina (Walker), Exorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann) and Carcelia sp., were found parasitising the larvae of Amsacta albistriga (Walker) in Pavagada taluk, Tumkur district, Karnataka. In addition to these parasites, two predators, viz., Rhynocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Anthia sexguttata (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were also found predating on these caterpillars.

Keywords

Amsacta albistriga, Anthia sexguttata, Blepharipa zebina, Carcelia sp., Exorista xanthaspis, Rhynocoris sp., Natural Enemies.

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• Efficacy of Nucleopolyhedrovirus against Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) on Mulberry

Abstract Views :171  |  PDF Views:105

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, R. J. Rabindra ¹, C. D. Srinivasa Naik ¹, M. R. Shubha ¹

Affiliations
1 Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 22, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 209-212

Abstract

Pot experiments carried out to study the efficacy of nucleopolyhedrovirus against the Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia obliqua (Walker), at Bangalore indicated that a spray of NPV @ 1×10⁷ POB ml⁻¹ resulted in a larval mortality of 93.33% in third instar larvae and 87.5% in fourth instar larvae. Cent per cent larval mortality was obtained when the plants were sprayed with dichlorvos @ 2 ml l⁻¹. The leaf damage for viral treatments varied from 19.65 to 41.89 and 21.0 to 38.0 per cent for third and fourth instar larvae, respectively.

Keywords

Mulberry, SoNPV, Spilarctia obliqua.

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• Effect of Natural Sunlight on the Activity of Different Geographic Isolates of Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Abstract Views :227  |  PDF Views:110

Authors

A. Mehrvar ¹, R. J. Rabindra ², K. Veenakumari ², G. B. Narabenchi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Protection, M.H.E.C, University or Tabriz, Tabriz-5166616471, IR
2 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Pest Control India, Bangalore - 560064, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 2 (2007), Pagination: 235-239

Abstract

Susceptibility of seven geographic isolates of Helicoverpa armigera NPV to sunlight was evaluated by subjecting them to different exposure times (0, 3, 6. 12, 24 and 36 hours). The viral dose of exposure was 1 × 10⁷ POB/ml and bioassays were performed at a dose of l × 10⁵ POB/ml of each virus isolate. The study showed that exposure to natural sunlight affected the activity of the different HearNPV isolates. About six hours of exposure reduced the activity of the viral isolates by nearly 50 percent. By 36 hours, all the isolates had lost their activity by about 70 percent. There were no significant differences in the susceptibility of different isolates to natural sunlight. However, NGM isolate showed the lowest inactivation after 36 hours of exposure. Time-mortality response of HearNPV isolates indicated that exposure to natural sunlight beyond 12 hours declined the viral activity to the extent of 50 percent. The order of IT₅₀ values for the isolates was Negamum > Ooty > Coimbature > Mumbai > Parbhani > Hyderabad > Rahuri.

Keywords

Geographic Isolates, Helicoverpa armigera, Natural Sunlight, Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Persistence.

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• First report of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin on Amsacta albistriga Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from Karnataka, India

Abstract Views :174  |  PDF Views:107

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, R. J. Rabindra ¹, C. D. Srinivasanaik ¹, M. R. Shuba ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P. B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 20, No 1 (2006), Pagination: 95-96

Abstract

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, a fungal pathogen was for the First time found infecting the red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga Walker in the groundnut crop at Pavagada taluk in Tumkur district, Karnataka. This opens up the scope for utilizing this pathogen as a component of IPM of this pest.

Keywords

Amsacta albistriga, Beauveria bassiana, Groundnut Crop.

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• Susceptibility of Crude and Semi-Purified Extracts of Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolates of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to Simulated Sunlight

Abstract Views :227  |  PDF Views:110

Authors

Ali Mehrvar ¹, R. J. Rabindra ², K. Veenakumari ², G. B. Narabenchi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Protection, M. H. E. C, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 516661647, IR
2 Project Directorate of Biological Control, P.B.No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd. Division: Bio-Control Research Laboratories, Bangalore-560064, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 91-96

Abstract

The stability of both crude and semi-purified extracts of different HaNPV isolates under simulated sunlight was studied. It was realized that the persistence of both crude and semi-purified suspensions of Negamum isolate collected from Tamil Nadu was most tolerant to simulated sunlight among all the isolates tested in this study. The highest larval mortality (70.12%) was obtained from crude extract of the Negamum isolate as compared with that of semi-purified suspension (54.44%). The order of inhibition of crude viral extracts of HaNPV isolates under simulated sunlight irradiation at 500 W/m² for 90 minutes was Negamum < Ooty < Coimbatore < Mumbai < Hyderabad < Parbhani < Rahuri, which was similar with that of the semi-purified suspensions with the exception of Parbhani < Hyderabad.

Keywords

Geographic Isolates, Helicoverpa armigera, Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Persistence, Simulated Sunlight.

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• Field Efficacy of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus against the Red Hairy Caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on Groundnut in Karnataka

Abstract Views :239  |  PDF Views:130

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, R. J. Rabindra ¹, C. D. Srinivasa Naik ¹, M. R. Shubha ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 19, No 2 (2005), Pagination: 141-144

Abstract

Field experiments at Pavagada, Karnataka during August 2003, indicated that Amsacta albistriga NPV @ 1.5 x 10¹² POB/ha was as effective as chlorpyriphos @ 20g a. i./ha against red hairy caterpillar. For an environmentally friendly approach AaNPV can be used as an effective component of IPM packages for the control of red hairy caterpillars in the endemic areas of Karnataka.

Keywords

Amsacta albistriga, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, Groundnut Ecosystem.

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• Standardization of Laboratory Mass Production of Amsacta albistriga Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Abstract Views :215  |  PDF Views:112

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, R. J. Rabindra ¹, C. D. Srinivasa Naik ¹, M. R. Shubha ¹

Affiliations
1 Biological Control (ICAR), P. B. No. 2491, H. A, Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 20, No 2 (2006), Pagination: 183-190

Abstract

Five experiments were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the effect of temperature, humidity, host plant, viral dosage and age of the larvae on the yield of the nucleopolyhedrovirus that could be produced in the red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistrigu (Walker). It was concluded that inoculating early sixth instar larvae with a virus inoculum of 5 x 10⁸ POBs/ml, fed with castor leaves, and incubated at 30 ± l°C with a relative humidity of 80–90 per cent gave maximum yield of AaNPV. This forms the basis for mass-producing the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the red hairy caterpillar in the laboratory, which could be used as one of the major components of IPM practices for controlling A. albistriga.

Keywords

Amsacta albistriga, Host Plants, Humidity, Laboratory Mass Production, Larval Age, Temperature.

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• Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses from Coconut Blackheaded Caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker and Sorghum Spotted Stern Borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)

Abstract Views :171  |  PDF Views:111

Authors

K. Narayanan ¹, K. Veenakumari ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P.B. No. 2491. H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 17, No 1 (2003), Pagination: 97-98

Abstract

Two nuclear polyhedrons viruses from the coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker and sorghum spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) were Isolated and reported for the first time from India. The pathogenicity of both the NPVs have been tested and proved along with gross pathological symptoms.

Keywords

Chilo partellus Nuclear polyhedrosis Virus, Opisina arenosella.

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• Parasitoids of some Insects in the Andaman Islands

Abstract Views :236  |  PDF Views:110

Authors

K. Veenakumari ¹, Prashanth Mohanraj ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Box no. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 18, No 2 (2004), Pagination: 189-194

Abstract

During the course of studies on the life histories of insects of the Andaman Islands we observed 38 species of hymenopterous parasitoids belonging to 15 families and one dipteran parasitoid of the family Tachinidae. Eight species of Hraconidae, four species each of Scelionidae, Encyrtidae, and Ichneumonidae, 3 species each of ('teromalidae, Eulophidae and Eupelmidae, 2 species of Bethylidae, one species each of Elasmidae, Eurytomidae, Chalcididae, Ceraphronidae, Chrysididae, Torymidae, Eucharatidae and Tacbillidae are recorded from these islands on different insect hosts. An undescribed Ooencyrtlls sp. is being recorded from the eggs of the endemic subspecies Elymnias cottonis cottonis. Podagrion sp., hitherto recorded from man tid oothecae, is recorded on the larvae of two species of Lepidoptera for the first time.

Keywords

Andaman Islands, Biological Control, Hyperparasitoids, Parasitoids.

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• Diversity Of Encyrtid Parasitoids From Three Ecosystems

Abstract Views :94  |  PDF Views:58

Authors

M. S. Abhishek ¹, Prashanth Mohanraj ², A. Rameshkumar ³, K. Veenakumari ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru 560045, Karnataka, IN
2 ICAR- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560045, Karnataka, IN
3 Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, IN

Source

Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 84, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 59-63

Abstract

Encyrtid parasitoids play an important role in the biological control of many agricultural as well as horticultural pests. The present study determines and compares the faunal and temporal diversities of Encyrtidae in finger millet, rice and sugarcane ecosystems at the College of Agriculture, V C Farm, Mandya, Karnataka. The study was conducted at fortnightly intervals over a period of 12 months from March, 2016 to February, 2017 at the G and C-blocks of the farm. As a result, 2647 encyrtids were collected- 1019 specimens (20 genera) were from finger millet; 604 (22 genera) and 1024 (29 genera) were from rice and sugarcane ecosystems, respectively. The abundance, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and richness (Margalef’s index) were computed and it was concluded that maximum diversity occurred in sugarcane and rice ecosystems (Hʹ=3.00) and the least was with the finger millet ecosystem (Hʹ=.2.78). Bray-Curtis cluster analysis and Metric Multidimensional scaling analysis were made to study the similarity and encyrtid diversity in different seasons.

Keywords

Encyrtidae, Mandya, abundance, rice, finger millet, sugarcane, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, richness (Margalef’s index), Bray-Curtis analysis

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